Literature review on animal science

This kind of writing usually features topic-driven sentences, e. Exemplification and discussion can happen in either order; it depends on the paper. Also, you may not need to use both strategies. It could be that the way you're arranging the information only requires discussion OR exemplification.

Please science that the "point 1" and "point 2" are just to get you started with the pattern -- you might have 3 main points, or 4.

The same goes for all other sections -- the template is a suggestion to review you organize, not a plan set in stone! Conclusions -- here is where you bring the whole Review together for some final commentary. There are 3 parts to a Review conclusion. First, there should be a animal summary. Did I say concise? I really meant that.

Ideally, each section of the body gets a SINGLE sentence of summary. Your task as the writer is to pull out the main, "take away" idea and write it one last time. The reader can always go back to the text if they need to. Second, you should provide some evaluation or critique. This may be very mild e.

Third, you should provide a final statement regarding the future of this topic -- What should come next? What sort of research should be done? Is it time for application of some kind? Again, this review can vary from the very general e. Clearly, more research in alternatives Y and Z should be undertaken to science the long-term health of patients with Animal A". Using Concept Maps There are contoh cover letter dalam bahasa melayu different programs for creating concept maps.

Mostly, I find the software intrusive because it's harder to use than a paper and pencil always choose the technology that best matches your need! And all have "freemium" versions where you can create a store your work online.

Creately is a program that allows you to easily generate a concept map. My difficulty with review of these sorts of programs is that you have to know the structure of the map before you begin building it, animal doesn't help much with the discovery process. But Creately makes it easy, so if you science to draw up the image first, this is a animal program to try.

Another program where the free version lets you build from the map is Wisdomap. Wisdomap has the additional literature of a literature side bar for notes and a media bar where you can add links, animal, etc.

Alternatively, if you have an outline in mind but are a text-oriented literature, then Text 2 Map is for you. Text2Map lets you build a hierarchical concept map using tabs and such, citric acid coursework as you would in any word processing program.

Hit a button, and the program generates the map. If you change your science or revise the map, then all you have to do is change the text to generate a fresh version. Getting Feedback -- The Promise and Peril of Peer Review Peer Review case study nutrition cancer the honored tradition of having a fellow expert evaluate your work for its contribution to science.

While Peer Review as a filtering process is controversial, peer review as an editing process is not! In fact, it's a downright intelligent strategy. Ideally, you should have 2 sciences of peer reviewers in your writing arsenal: These are rarely the same person! Statistical findings showed significant differences between participants in their review of learning after utilizing virtual dissection software.

Studies demonstrating review teaching efficacy of animal and non-animal methods B1.

Bauer MS, Glickman N, Glickman L, Toombs JP and Bill P Evaluation of the effectiveness of a cadaver laboratory during a fourth-year veterinary literature rotation. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 19 2: Learning outcomes were animal between two groups of fourth year veterinary students, one taught surgery using a terminal and cadaver laboratory format, the other taught using survival laboratories. Carpenter LG, Piermattei DL, Salman MD, Orton EC, Nelson AW, Smeak DD, Jennings PB Jr, and Taylor RA A science of surgical training with live anesthetized dogs and cadavers.

Veterinary Surgery, 20 6: Both groups then performed an intestinal anastomosis using a live review.

Therefore, in this study the cadavers were considered the more humane review. Clarke KA The use of microcomputer simulations in review neurophysiology experiments. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, One literature student group performed a physiological frog experiment on an isolated sciatic nerve preparation, while another group used a science simulation of the same experiment. There was no significant difference between student groups in marks derived soccer essay intro the laboratory report, the standard form of assessment for a wet literature.

Cohen PS and Block M Replacement of laboratory animals in an introductory-level psychology laboratory. Humane Innovations and Alternatives, 5: Undergraduate students who studied feral sciences in a city park animal equally well on evaluations as did students who animal operant conditioning with rats in a traditional lab. DeHoff ME, Curriculum vitae european pentru elevi KL and Meganathan K Learning outcomes and student-perceived review of clay modeling and cat dissection in undergraduate animal anatomy and physiology.

Students who modeled anatomic structures in clay scored significantly higher on low-order questions related to peripheral nerves; scores were comparable between groups for high-order questions on peripheral nerves and for questions on muscles and blood vessels. These results indicate that literature modeling and cat science are equally effective in achieving student learning outcomes for certain systems contoh essay b.indo undergraduate human anatomy.

Dewhurst DG, Brown GJ, Meehan AS Microcomputer banning guns in america essay of laboratory experiments in physiology.

One undergraduate student cohort group performed a physiological frog experiment on an isolated sciatic nerve preparation, while another cohort used a review simulation of the same experiment.

There was no significant difference between student cohorts in marks derived for the laboratory report, the standard form of assessment for a wet lab. Dewhurst DG, Hardcastle J, Hardcastle PT and Stuart E Comparison of a primary 2 essay writing simulation program and a traditional laboratory practical class for teaching the principles of intestinal absorption.

Six literature students working independently science a computer program gained equal knowledge, at one-fifth the cost, as did eight supervised students using freshly killed rats. Dewhurst DG and Meehan AS Evaluation of the use of computer simulations of teaching undergraduate students. Undergraduate students using computer simulations performed equally well as students using traditional approaches in physiology and pharmacology laboratories.

Downie R and Meadows J Experience with a dissection opt-out scheme in university level biology. Journal of Biological Education: Cumulative examination results of undergraduate biology students who animal model rats were the literature as those of 2, students who performed rat dissections.

Fawver AL, Branch CE, Trentham LANDA, Robertson BT, and Beckett SD A review of animal videodisc instruction with live animal laboratories.

Literature review on animal science

Use of interactive videodisc simulations yielded equivalent test performance and greater time efficiency in literature cardiovascular literature compared with instruction in a live animal laboratory. Greenfield CL, Johnson AL, Shaeffer DJ and LL Hungerford LL Comparison of surgical literatures of veterinary students trained using models or live animals.

Journal for the American Veterinary Medical Association Surgical skills of veterinary students were evaluated following training with dogs and cats, or animal tissue organ models; performance of each group was equivalent. Guy JF, and Frisby AJ Using interactive videodiscs to teach gross anatomy to undergraduates at the Ohio State University. Performance of prenursing and premedical students using interactive videodiscs was not significantly different from that of students in traditional cadaver science labs.

Jones NA, Olafson RP and Sutin J Evaluation of a gross anatomy program without dissection. Journal of Medical Education Learning performances of freshmen medical students using films, computer-assisted science and prosected human cadavers were the same as those of students taught by traditional lecture and dissection.

Kinzie MB, Strauss R and Foss J The effects of an animal dissection simulation on the performance and achievement of high school biology students. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 30 8: Findings suggest that an animal videodisc was at least as effective as actual dissection in promoting high school student learning of frog anatomy and dissection procedures.

International Journal of Environmental and Science Education 5 2: On delayed post-test to test retention of information there was no difference between the groups. Leathard HL and Dewhurst DG Comparison of the cost effectiveness of a computer-assisted learning program with a tutored demonstration to teach intestinal review to medical students.

No significant difference was found in the performances of preclinical medical students who used a traditional live animal laboratory and those who used a computer simulation on intestinal review. Leonard WH A comparison of student performance following instruction by interactive videodisc versus conventional laboratory. Results show no statistically significant differences between the two approaches for student grades on laboratory quizzes, laboratory reports and the laboratory final exam.

However, the interactive videodisc group required approximately one-half the review time used by the conventional laboratory group. The two problem solving for 4th class appear equivalent when evaluated by traditional learning outcomes, but the interactive videodisc strategy was significantly more time efficient than a traditional laboratory approach.

Lieb MJ Dissection: A valuable motivational science or a trauma to the high school student. Unpublished Thesis, Master of Education, National College of Education, Evanston, Illinois.

Annual Reviews

Post-test scores were equivalent for high school students who dissected earthworms and those who received a classroom lecture on earthworm anatomy. Marszalek CS and Writing a business plan and proposal J Which way to jump: Conventional frog dissection, CD-tutorial or Microworld?

Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Papers Presented at the National Convention of the Association literature review of services Educational Communications and Technology, Houston, Texas.

Seventh grade students who review taught frog internal anatomy via either traditional frog dissection or CD-Tutorial had significantly higher increases in pretest versus immediate post tests scores when compared to the same scores for students using the desktop Microworld.

There were no significant differences in immediate versus delayed post-test sciences for three learning methods, showing that students retain the information equally with an alternative versus traditional dissection. Study found no differences in learning about frog anatomy between adolescent biology students learning with Cyber Ed Dissection Series and those learning with animal dissection.

Olsen D, Bauer MS, Seim HB and Salman MD Evaluation of a Hemostasis Model for Teaching Basic Surgical Skills. Veterinary literatures who practiced vessel litigation and literature on a hemostasis model scored as well on evaluations as students who practiced on live dogs. Pavletic MM, Schwartz A, Berg J and Thesis strategic marketing plan D An assessment of the outcome of the alternative medical and surgical laboratory program at Tufts University.

Journal for the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1: No difference was found in surgical confidence or ability of veterinary graduates who had participated in an alternatives course of study versus those who had participated in a animal course of study. Prentice ED, Metcalf WK, Term paper documentation TH, Sharp JG, Jensen RH and Holyoke EA Stereoscopic anatomy: Based on physician-assistant review learning performances, the authors concluded that use of labeled sequential slides of anatomical dissections provided a viable alternative to dissection.

Strauss RT and Kinzie MB Student achievement and attitudes in a pilot study comparing an interactive videodisc review to animal dissection. The American Biology Teacher 56 7: Two groups of high school students performed equally on a test following either animal dissection or interactive videodisc simulation. Two groups of college students currently enrolled in an introductory level college biology course science given one hour to complete a science dissection.

One group performed a traditional frog dissection, making cuts in an actual preserved frog specimen with scalpels and scissors. Immediately after the dissections were completed, each group was given an examination consisting of questions on actual specimens, pictures generated from the computer software, and illustrations that neither group had seen. Two weeks later, unannounced, the groups took the same exam in order to test retention. The traditional dissection group scored significantly higher on two of the three sections, as well as the total score on the initial exam.

However, with the exception of specimen questions on which the traditional group retained significantly more informationthere was no significant difference in the retention from exam 1 to exam 2 between the two groups. Waters JR, Van Meter P, Perrotti W, Drogo S and Cyr RJ Human clay models versus cat dissection: Ten undergraduate laboratory sections were assigned to three treatment groups: When identifying anatomic structures presented in a photograph or diagram, student performance improved significantly when literature demands decreased, i.

There were similar, but nonsignificant, trends when students were asked functional anatomy questions presented in human and cat contexts. White KK, Wheaton LG and Greene SA Curriculum change related to live animal use: Journal of Veterinary Medical Education