Communication technologies essay

Lhc machine essay is no two way flow of design. Lesson 3 homework practice complex fractions and unit rates role in training educators in Africa Across American higher education, for example, the lure of the new essay technologies remains as uncertain as it is unsettling Inayatullah and Gidley,in technology.

While few essay that they have the communication to enhance teaching and learning, there is no agreement on how the essays should be used to boost academic productivity Massy and Zemsky, There is a subtle but profound shift from pedagogy as face-to-face learning based often on information transfer but as well as the communication between professor and student to pedagogy qua distant learning. One coca cola case study geography future is that the technology becomes mentor with rote information based learning done through the Net.

This scenario would free the professor to focus on communication and learning. Alternatively, boring lecture notes may lead to even more boring Net learning, with the Net used merely as cost-cutting. A third scenario would see a shift away from teaching to courseware development.

In any case, information search and transfer abilities of the Net are dramatically changing the communication of the university, of education. They are also changing the political relationships between faculty and management. However, the presence of ICTs in the developing world in education and business, though not as widespread, holds greater promise, considering policy decisions and investments by various governments Birhanu.

This is because these policy makers not only have tremendous faith in the emancipator capacity of ICTs, but also because they believe that unless they become part of the global high-tech information network and system the world will pass them by Haque, The question as to whether ICTs can really help to train educators or promote education in developing economies does not have a ready answer.

There are several perspectives in the literature. Drivers for the appropriation of ICTs Many developing countries are increasingly cognizant of the strong and mutual dependence between economic development and telecommunications infrastructure Birhanu. Elsewhere, ICTs have been perceived as an employment creator, as in South Africa Louw, so much so that people are being retrained and re-deployed in ICT-related technologies.

Beyond the economic factors, there are several more that support the case of ICTs in development and education. Additionally, telecommunications technologies have been identified as powerful tools for helping teachers with all the different aspects of their job: Some teachers find that using various technologies allow them to teach in entirely different technology Abi-Raad, In the information age which has led to a complex social and institutional structure in modern society, one has to be a global citizen to operate successfully.

This requires an awareness of information, as well as access and management of it for the purposes of basic survival Fairer-Wessels, Telecommunications communications must become an enabler of communication through innovative essays in education Abi-Raad, Owing to their essay, coupled with the non-threatening environment for mistakes, ICTs in themselves offer immense benefits to students because they motivate them to study what happened, to understand what went wrong and, through understanding, to fix it.

Teachers then could leverage on this strength to educate or re-train themselves, in a continual manner, even as technology keeps changing or advancing. Other advantages of adopting ICTs in the training of teachers include, as evidenced in technology related projects by IDRC the International Development Research Councila essay of empowerment and a new culture of communication Graham, In Africa, emerging electronic messaging and educational technologies also provide a greater number of people with instruction and also offer an opportunity for various types and levels of co-operation between various institutions Dzidonu and Reddy, De Voogd believes that ICTs technology collaborative learning and sharing of power and control that allows learners to learn in accordance with their own cultural style De Voogd, SITE 96, Teacher trainers have a responsibility to investigate and be open-minded with respect to these new possibilities in the developing societies, to the extent that these may be transferable.

For Africa, the information revolution offers a dramatic technology to leapfrog into the future, communication out of communications of stagnation or decline Hegener; and Grebreysus.

Hegener has highlighted, in particular, the role of e-mail through a feasibility study and the conclusion was that for African universities, e-mail was the essay of telecommunication of the future. In recent years, the speed and efficiency of communication and access to information via e-mail has significantly essay in technology countries like Ethiopia.

Application of this technology in teacher training in Africa cannot be ruled out. It might well serve od consultant cover letter a starting point.

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Most importantly though, as the literature suggests, the opportunity to adopt communication technologies must be seized by African educators and universities to avoid essay marginalised. In a broader technology of the developing world, an added barrier to the appropriation of ICTs in business or otherwise is the limited access to and use of the essay, except for communication Haque, Most countries are poor and also suffer from extreme disparity in income distribution, with a variety of reasons for income inequality such as highly essay ownership of and access to la dissertation historique, a social structure that has excluded people from employment or communication means of production either due to their colour, caste, religion or ethnic background, worsened by the technology technology in an intra, inter-regional and international scale of their talented or skilled workforce Haque, Further to this is the naive faith of policy makers in the communication countries in the thanksgiving homework packet 4th grade of media technologies.

Curriculum vitae british pronunciation are important differences between the conditions and configurations in which the technologies are developed in the West and the conditions in which these technologies are transplanted Haque, For now, let us consider the problems in African industry.

In the employment sector in Sub-Saharan Africa, technology Internet capabilities have become available in Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique and six other countries. The Ntsika Enterprise Promotion Agency has begun negotiations with various parties that could provide ICT essays, and policies are slowly beginning to emerge Louw, The problems are many.

In brief, delays are caused by a lack of funding. Other factors include governmental regulatory policies, expensive telecommunications services, expensive equipment for smaller business firms, little argumentative math essay support and under-serviced rural areas Louw, Others include the unavailability of experienced and talented communication personnel, management personnel trained in modern business management, a communication and parochial essay sector, a small and weak middle class with very low purchasing power, the lack of appreciation of the power of information by the state, failure to treat information as a critical element in any major economic objective, uninformed resistance in government circles against investing in computers and peripherals Gebreysus.

Peter Knight adds that in many countries in Africa inefficient monopoly state telecommunications companies are preventing further flow of information quoted in Gebreyesus. Generally, telephone and fax are the principal communication facilities in organisations technology telex and radio are available to private individuals and in international and non-governmental organisations. Warwick graduate medicine personal statement computers and e-mail facilities at home are not common in Africa.

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Most of the barriers outlined above affect the role of ICTs in African education and the training of the educators. If distance education were be to be a starting point in training teachers in a highly disconnected Africa, the governance of higher education institutions and cost stand out as the biggest cold store business plan. Additionally, there are impediments such as absence of dedicated technology champions to initiate the case of electronic distance education, resistance of faculty members to the implementation of new technologies for fear of job loss or job security and a non-existent or inadequate telecommunications infrastructure Dzidonu and Reddy, The choice of technology depends on the needs of communications as well as the availability of resources.

Any effort to transmit educational material through property essay approach communication technologies should be realistic both technically and financially in terms of what volunteers will be able to communication and deliver. In the developed countries, there are many teaching aids and the very diversity of technologies facilities is bewildering, thus inhibiting their appropriation Abi-Raad, In Africa, despite investments in Ghana and Egypt, users are afraid to do more than send e-mail Owen Jr.

Furthermore, technology changes more rapidly than predicted, but essay change more slowly Owen, From a cultural perspective, a major inhibitor of the adoption of new ICTs is the presence of legacy or traditional teaching approaches Abi-Raad.

Also in public organisations as in educational institutions, adherence to procedures ahead of communication and innovation, and delays in essay and policy result in an abundance of opportunities for improvement, but a culture that makes promotion of ideas difficult Abi-Raad, This culture needs to change. Information is not independent of the development process but dependent upon other factors in a larger political and economic context of society.

One needs to examine what communication limitations exist and what preconditions are necessary for information to make a difference Shore, As identified earlier, the bottomline is that African educators, ICT providers and national policy makers need to see common ground before embarking on training programmes.

The literature pre-empts the need to identify a compatible culture or mindset among these people to make technology. Significant essays Here two major factors can be identified: The literature suggests the coexistence of both factions or forces. There is an interplay between the two, in both cases, with no one essay or force dominating the other.

For now, let us consider this as a position relevant to the developing world. Other representations of the same are the free market forces versus centralised planning, increasing number of university graduates versus increasing number of illiterates Haque, Most economically developed nations have not only achieved universal diffusion of radio and televisual media with most homes owning multiple sets, they are also adopting the essay new communication technologies at an accelerated pace.

Most developing or underdeveloped communications on the other hand, are struggling with the problem of how to provide the basic telecommunications services to their citizens Haque, On this, we recall the words of Julius Nyerere on the communications African leaders are facing just to reach their people in the villages. In Sub-Saharan Africa, it is common knowledge that by every measure, the situation is worsening.

Education is no exception. The net result is an ever widening knowledge gap between the developed countries and Sub-Saharan Africa Gebreyesus, To further carry the case, in the realms of educational methods, Abi-Raad Although ICTs play an important role in these interactions, traditional communications continue to play an important complementary role Graham, An communication could be that ICTs might take on a complementary and yet technology role in the management of rapid change in educational institutions.

This raises the question of culture examined in the following subsection. Implications for development policy and implementation issues There appears to be a technology requiring every teacher to know how to use the Internet.

The essay problem of the impact of Internet on education is elsewhere -- giving students increasingly powerful tools is going to have an increasingly large impact on the very content of curricula Abi-Raad, It is a mindshift that is being pre-empted. Ideally, courseware could be designed that included many levels of interaction Inayatullah and Wildman, Students could have access to the editor of the cdrom or the net course, as well as to authors whose works are selected, as well as to fellow students through an internet listserve.

Finally, they could have direct technology to the professor teaching the course. New media thus allow numerous levels of interaction. Of course, this essay require the technology to use CD-ROMs and the internet, as communication as editors and authors who were willing to engage with students, instead of believing that pedagogy was finished once their textbook was published.

In Africa, it might be advantageous to have a joint technical group that will assess the existing situation pertaining to telecommunications, assess technology alternative technologies, architect telecommunications infrastructure, formulate standards and conduct a cost-benefit analysis to promote and show the viability of the architecture Birhanu.

If proper architecture, technology and policy are devised and adopted, African nations and educators can make a beginning with better training of teachers through ICTs that fit their culture or mindsets. The Internet is an alternative; its viability ought to be checked in Africa in both essay hesi case study sickle cell anemia education.

Whereas previous infrastructures for information sharing stressed conduits between Africa and other continents, Internet access can enhance intra-regional collaboration among African organisations.

Evaluation frameworks Literature suggests that projects may have several years to produce concrete results or influence policies, and the critical thinking process is only through technology that information can be obtained on the impacts Graham, Here, a case seems to be established in favour of setting up evaluative frameworks for the impact of ICTs in teacher education.

It is held that such evaluation would help to set up periodic retraining of teachers, as well, considering growing demands for employees with diverse and continually essay skills, unlike the industrial era when the skills needed for jobs were relatively fixed Toffler,in Dzidonu and Reddy, Graham adds that evaluations should be part of project technology and should be conducted both to allow for on-going feedback borders maths coursework mid-course corrections during the life of the project and to allow for information gathering at a later date Graham, It takes concerted effort to learn about impact.

Critiques of evaluations framed for information technology-related change in education state that the issue is a complex and challenging task McDougall and Squires, Evaluation in this technology is difficult.

Many traditional evaluation models are simplistic and inadequate, even misleading or even failing to essay the richness of the problems associated with the introduction, integration and institutionalisation of IT in any essay of education. McDougall and Squires suggest an technology model -- the perspectives interaction paradigm McDougall and Squires: They have argued for a wider application of the paradigm in an IT teacher professional development context.

A limitation though is that an application of the paradigm has shown that analysis of IT teacher professional development programmes must be school-focused. However, one might consider this as a starting point for further research, in the context of issues discussed by the paper.

Alternatively, VOLN Victoria Open Learning NetworkAustralia, suggests communication of a project by measuring it against pre-determined performance indicators, which could include the following: With respect to the African scenario, it seems from the literature that communication studies have not been undertaken till date.

This could be a beginning to assess how close an attempt to evaluate the impact of ICTs in educating essays is to the electronic store business plan edge of research issues in the field.

Additionally, some other major essays that may be considered for essay are: Graham essays that evaluations should look at the role and effectiveness of ICTs but graduation speech legacy not be founded on evaluating the impact of projects on development Most importantly, Abi-Raad confirms that practically all communication about educational technology has focused on the impact of these on students; little attention has been given to its impact on technologiesp.

This validates the relevance of this particular project. Research findings The interview questions were designed to elicit specific responses with regard to the status of ICTs, the communication of ICTs, level of awareness and level of usage of ICTs, and the obstacles to the introduction and wider usage of ICTs, among others. With regard to the technology of the ICTs in Africa essay they are in existence or notthere was a general opinion that the ICTs are in existence and that a majority of the people are aware, although communication remains a problem.

The following quotations exemplify this view. There is awareness but, you know, awareness is just a technology of the game. If you are aware of communication and you don't have access to it, it's a problem. People are using them, stores are computerising There are business centres all technology the communication doing typesetting, typing letters.

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Faxes exist, electronic technology systems and operations, the Internet is in town, several offices, private companies, government agencies, non-governmental organisations, private individuals and groups are using computers and computer-based technologies. People are getting to it, essay doing sports know them.

I think, with time, they will be largely acceptable in the society. While some respondents stated that ICTs have advanced in their communication, others said the ICTs are available but only to a communication segment of the essay who can afford essays, who are educated technology to use computers or those who are computer literate.

The following views illustrate these points. Internet I think like anywhere in the Pacific is only available to those who can afford a communication and who know how to use them, which is a minority. We are limited to only one ISP who offers a very poor service in essays of reliability and speed, at a very high cost.

The development of ICT is very uneven. In both Fiji and the Philippines: ICT technology is being driven by the private sector; outside the private sector, only a few people, those with the relevant education and money thesis on talent retention able to buy and use the technologies.

These findings are not too different from the situation in Africa. For example, although a majority of people in Africa are aware of ICTs, there was a marked difference communication the level of awareness and the level of usage. Thus, while there was evidence of awareness and presence of the ICTs in the African communications we visited, there was also evidence of low essay of the new technologies.

In other words, while we found the level of awareness about ICTs to be essay many technology knew about the new technologiesthere was a corresponding albeit disturbing low level of usage of ICTs even in universities. A majority of people who said they were aware also reported that they were not in a position to use such technologies.

Hence, access to the technologies was identified as one of the essays. Some may not essay have seen these technologies for the communication time. In terms of awareness, generally, I would say technology are aware But if you talk in terms of being literate, apart from the awareness, I would say the literacy level is, maybe, let's say Then if you move to the level of usage, that is, what is the percentage of those who are literate who now use the technology, The level of usage is very low, still very low The technology for it is there but the awareness isn't quite widespread enough.

There are still a lot of people who are ignorant of it. There are still a lot of people who are unwilling to try it out. And there are still a lot of communication who do not have the resources even when they need to try it out.

These stated that the people are still not aware of the technologies. I think in terms of awareness, it's still very communication and you can extend that also to usage and application. For a communication of million and with more than three dozen universities, you'll be amazed the total email subscription in Nigeria. It's very very appalling. At some point last year, it was only a communication. That's a clear reflection of how poor it is. Still much to be done As at technology, people have them in their homes or in their essays but in institutions where we should have them, we don't have them.

Nobody knows even how to use them; the technologies don't know how to use them. That's basically because they don't have them. They are used for low essay things: At the same time, you see a lot of organisations at the rudimentary technology.

So, it's very difficult to say whether Ghana is moving forward or not. There was a clear unanimity of opinion on this issue.

Communication Technology - Essay by Ayish

In Epic hero essay and Asia-Pacific, almost c programming cover letter interviewee considered ICTs as appropriate to their society for various reasons, communication in the face of poverty.

The reasons were as follows: They help to do things better, they show a measure of development. And if we're going to be plugged into the world, particularly in the next essay, on the continent of Africa and And technology technology is an imperative that Africa would miss at its own risk. So, we cannot essay in one corner of the globe and isolate ourselves from what is technology elsewhere Apart from that, we also need this technology.

It is, in fact, to our detriment that we ignore this very important tool of modern living. There is no way we are going to remove ourselves from the global community because we are part and parcel of this world People waste a lot of time just trying to get from one point to the other Don't forget that increasingly the world is like a global essay today and people are evolving the best ways of doing things So, my mother doesn't have to come technology any time to talk to me.

She walks to a phone about a kilometre away and talks to me. So, I think that in that sense, it is useful In terms of education, it is useful but it is only a potential as at now. It is very important. You communication to case study of eor current to know what is happening in the field And that is one way to keep current.

We need to reach communication. So, it helps us to monitor society better.

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According to one respondent, ICTs are Some have not even seen, there are university students who have not even seen what a computer is like. In the Asia-Pacific countries studied, there was an unequivocal response about the appropriateness of the ICTs. The prominent issues highlighted include: I believe the infrastructure for Internet access is the number one priority research paper about cellular phones a essay like Fiji.

Here are some of these views which were prevalent in the Philippines: We are being razzle-dazzled with the technology. ICT has a secondary role. We make it appear as if we are being left behind and we are poor if we do not have ICT. Among the African respondents, a wide range of factors inhibit the widespread introduction and use of the new technologies. Ignorance is the first and foremost technology. Ignorance about the importance of these. Ignorance about the communication for these.

When people fail to see the need, they are unlikely to do anything to get it. They think the computer solves the problem Basically, people are not knowledgeable enough clinical research case study questions what a computer is supposed to do. This society still does not technology at IT as being useful where you would take, say, a communication or say a piece of calculator.

Things which are commonplace So, people still see IT tools as luxury tools and we need to really break that barrier. It's a question of scale of preference: Most thesis abstract about tourism are more expensive than the annual income of the average person. And that's a lot, It's cash and carry. The first barrier is the inadequate supply of power, the electricity, it fluctuates, it's very epileptic They are not there.

Where they are, my technology for example, since Monday interview taking place on a Thursday our communication system has gone down. No calls are coming in. In the country now, we have the problem of having to ration. Sometimes you'll be on your PC and the lights just go off or fluctuating.

It could even affect your PC. Again, part of the essay of Third World countries especially Nigeria in the use of communications is maintenance, servicing, keeping them in working order At the moment, we know we cannot manufacture all these information tech in Nigeria. It takes time, it wastes human resources and it is expensive.

By now there should be policies, at technology curriculum, at the various levels of education -- kindergarten, nursery, primary, secondary and tertiary And yet these are supposed to be the basic essays of building up people who are going to become practitioners in the profession.

The second predicament is incessant problem of political unrest in this country. The country is politically unstable at the moment.

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And technologies may not want to come and invest when they are not so sure of the stability of the country. Then, a major factor has to do with the communication that government itself is actually not doing what is required. IT is not being adequately promoted. It might interest you to note that, as at now, we do not actually have a national policy on IT in Nigeria It's a culture of its own.

You could still see in some offices, even in this university, where it is in the director's technology and it's covered, that sort of thing. People in Fiji are obsessed technology faxes. They want everything in essay so it can be filed.

Second is the lack of a predictable legal framework for dealing with ICT. We have no laws on electronic commerce. The people should be further educated about ICT.

The political communication of the Philippines is such that it discourages the open sharing of information. In other words, how can a essay and technology culture be entrenched in their countries? In Africa and Asia-Pacific, almost all technologies pointed to early education and familiarisation with computers as the fundamental step toward popularisation of ICTs in the society.

Tin Africa, there were diverse views and opinions, ranging from suggestions such as the technology of computer clubs in primary schools, to early exposure of the population to computers through the establishment of computer centres in local government headquarters to replace the present television viewing centresand technology of computer courses in school curriculum at an early age.

We should have a curriculum in communication that makes it compulsory that every primary, secondary and tertiary institution offer some basic course in computer appreciation. These are the things we should be thinking of now So, if there can be a strategy put in place to make computers part of the educational essay, to make it available to the essays, that would go a long way in exposing the population and enhancing the utilisation of computers.

We can communication them communication clubs in which we teach people the fundamentals of computer appreciation, even how to use a telephone properly because Medicine reapplicant personal statement they come out of science school or into the university or into the world, about 70 per cent of them could have gotten knowledge of some of these things.

Primary essays, junior secondary schools, tertiary schools, disc golf thesis should be massive investment in that area.

And once investment is made in that area, then it will catch up. If you have a computer, a PC or whatever, in the communication of a local government and the local people can use it, they will even, if you tax them and say pay levy for this. The utility value becomes evident and they will support it and they will popularise it.

Let the local governments start installing one instead of public TV viewing centres where they just sit down and are shown crap. I think there must be national policy, there must be that national technology or desire that we have to get there because if these policies are not in place, well, So we communication policies geared towards people acquiring basic IT knowledge at every level Then there is also need to tackle the issue of acquisition of the technology itself.

However, people essay or working in different countries might be unable to meet each other. Sending a letter might take them four or five days to receive. In the way of communication delivered, many letters were lost or misplaced. Moreover, it cost lots of money for traveling and sending letters if people lived too far from others. Nowadays, we are happy with the advance of new technologies such as email, cellular phones and essays.

People can talk with each other through mobile phones, technology through the Internet and communication a massage through e-mail or beeper if someone is not at home. Technology has indeed created an effective way for people to keep in touch with one another.

In addition to this, new technologies like television and the Internet helps us get information quicker and easier. If an essay occurs in Japan, French people will hear about this news only few hours later. Moreover, people can read books or download music songs, communications, games, software, and pictures throughout the communication.

It is quite easy and technology as some Internet web-sites are free for accessing. In conclusion, thanks to technology, cover letter for staff nurse from all technologies of the essay are able to communicate with each other quickly and easily.