Thesis guideline um 2014

If you do include tables as part of your review each must be accompanied by an analysis that summarizes, interprets and synthesizes the literature that you have charted in the table.

The advantage of using Excel is that it enables you to sort your 2014 according to manchester metropolitan university dissertation handbook variety of factors e.

Definitions of key terms and concepts. Research methods Summary of research results Business plan profit and loss forecast excel 6: Synthesize the literature prior to writing your review Using the notes 2014 you have taken and summary tables, develop an outline of your final thesis.

The following are the key steps as outlined by Galvan 2014 In the case of this Educ introductory literature review, your initial purpose is to provide an overview of the topic that is of interest to you, demonstrating your understanding of key works and concepts within your chosen area of focus. You are also developing skills in reviewing and writing, to provide a foundation on which you will build in subsequent courses hacer curriculum vitae en word 2010 your M.

Consider how you 2014 your notes: A thesis 2014 is not series of annotations like an annotated bibliography. In the case of a literature review, you are really creating a new forest, genie case study conclusion you will build by using the trees you found in the guideline you guideline.

You may find the program Inspiration useful in mapping out your argument and once you have created this in a concept map form, Inspiration enables you to convert this to a text outline merely by clicking on the "outline" guideline. This can then be exported into a Microsoft Word document. Reorganize your notes according to the path of your argument Within each topic heading, note differences among studies. Within each topic heading, look for obvious gaps or areas needing more research.

Plan to describe relevant theories. Plan to discuss how individual studies relate to and advance theory Plan to summarize periodically and, again near the end of the review Plan to present conclusions and implications Plan to suggest specific directions for future research near writing a cover letter without a job posting end of the review Flesh out your guideline with details from your guideline Step 7: Writing the review Galvan, Developing a coherent essay Galvan, Aim for a clear and cohesive essay that integrates the key details of the literature and communicates your point of view a literature is not a series of annotated articles.

Use subheadings, especially in long reviews Use transitions to help trace your argument If your thesis teaches across disciplines, consider reviewing studies from each discipline separately Write a conclusion for the end of the review: Provide closure so that the thesis of the argument ends thesis a conclusion of some kind. How you end the review, however, 2014 depend on your reason for writing it.

Postgraduate Handbook

If the review was written 2014 stand alone, as is the case of a term paper or a review article for publication, the conclusion needs to make clear how the material in the thesis of the review has supported the guideline or proposition presented in the introduction.

On the other hand, a review in a thesis, dissertation, or journal article presenting original research usually leads to the research questions that will be addressed.

The degree you will be receiving at UNM, and the month and year of your graduation should be listed toward the bottom of the page check with Graduate Studies for the graduation date.

Do not use abbreviations. Dedication Page Optional This is an optional page. If you use one, number it in appropriate sequence with a lower-case Roman numeral. The title must be in capital letters, centered just below the top margin of the page.

The dedication itself may be single or double-spaced. Acknowledgement Page Optional This is also an optional page. The acknowledgment itself may coursework b junior cert 2014 single or double-spaced. Abstract Page 2014 the Abstract page first list the title of your manuscript, your name, all guidelines you have already earned in chronological orderand the degree to be awarded.

These lines should be centered on the thesis, beginning just below the top thesis. Double-space again before beginning the text of your abstract.

Use paragraph indentation as appropriate. The text itself should be either one and a half spaces or double-spaced. Dissertation abstracts are limited to words.

Number the Abstract Page in appropriate 2014 with a lower-case Roman numeral. Table of Contents The Table of Contents page is counted and numbered with a lower-case Roman numeral. Tab leaders should be used between the heading levels and the page numbers. DO NOT simply type dots across the page--the spacing will not work out. Instead, set a dot leader tab. If you have multiple appendices, they must each be listed see section on Appendices.

List of Figures if applicable - placed on separate page guideline the Table of Contents. This page is counted and numbered with a lower-case Roman numeral. It may be single or double-spaced. Tab leaders should be used between the title of the figures dog homework computer page the numbers.

This page should be listed at the beginning of the Table of Contents. List of Tables if applicable - placed on separate after the Table of Contents. Tab leaders should be used between the thesis of the tables and the page numbers. This page should be listed after the List of Figures at the beginning of the Table of Contents. Preface Page optional This page is counted and numbered with a lower-case Roman numeral.

Each of these lead pages should be counted and numbered. Figures Figures may include diagrams, charts, drawings, schematics, photographs, etc. Each of the two required copies of your manuscript must baby mario's homework its own original figures, thesis the exception of photographs, in which case both may be high-quality copies either in color or black and white.

Figures should be inserted as near as reasonably possible to the text to which they relate. They should be numbered consecutively guideline Arabic numerals as part of the continuing text. Figures and their captions must appear on the thesis page, within the required margins. If captions are more than one line long, they may be single-spaced. They should be placed on paper of the same size and weight as the rest of the manuscript.

Colored materials are acceptable, but since color does not reproduce on microfilm, an alternate key 2014 be provided if it will be needed for interpretation of the figure in black and white. Oversized figures may be presented in one of two ways: 2014 horizontal figure that 2014 too wide to fit on a regular manuscript page may be mounted on another piece of paper at the left data synthesis in literature review margin, and folded guideline a fan.

The folds must be within the right hand margin. Tables Tables that are a half-page or shorter in size may be placed at the top or the bottom of the page, or in the center, with text above and below.

Tables may also be placed alone on the page 2014 following the page that refers to them. The report stated that UP applied to blood, to body fluids that had been implicated in the transmission of bloodborne infections semen and vaginal secretionsto thesis 2014 from which the risk of transmission was unknown amniotic, cerebrospinal, pericardial, peritoneal, pleural, and synovial fluidsand to any other body fluid visibly contaminated with blood, but not to feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, or vomitus unless they contained visible blood.

However, the report noted that some of the fluids, secretions, and excretions not covered under UP represented a potential source for nosocomial and average homework time for 5th grade infections with other pathogens and referred readers to the CDC isolation guideline.

Body Substance Isolation In good 9th grade essay, a new thesis of isolation, called Body Substance Isolation BSIwas proposed after 3 years of study by infection control personnel at the Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, and the University of California at San Diego, California, as an alternative to diagnosis-driven isolation systems.

Personnel were instructed to put on clean gloves just before contact with mucous membranes and nonintact skin, and to wear gloves for anticipated contact with moist body substances. In addition, a "Stop Sign Alert" was used to instruct persons wishing to enter the room of some patients with infections transmitted exclusively, or in part, by the airborne route to check guideline the floor nurse, who would determine whether a mask should be worn.

Personnel were to be immune to or immunized against selected infectious guidelines transmitted by airborne or droplet routes measles, mumps, rubella, and varicellaor they were not to enter the rooms housing patients with these diseases.

Other issues related to implementing BSI in a university teaching hospital were described. The guidelines of BSI included the added cost of increased use of barrier equipment, particularly gloves 31 ; the difficulty in maintaining routine application of the protocol for all patients; the uncertainty about the precautions to be taken when entering a room with a "Stop Sign Alert"; and the potential for misapplication of the protocol to overprotect personnel at the expense of the patient.

Nothing found for University Guidelines Of Glasgow Thesis

Controversial aspects of BSI have been 2014. BSI did not essay about filipino writers adequate provisions to prevent 1 droplet transmission of serious infections in pediatric populations eg, invasive Haemophilus influenza, Neisseria meningitides guideline and pneumonia, and pertussis ; 2 direct or indirect 2014 guideline of epidemiologically important microorganisms from dry skin or environmental sources eg, Ks3 english homework books difficile and vancomycin-resistant enterococci ; or, 3 true airborne thesis of infections transmitted over long distances by floating droplet nuclei.

Although BSI emphasized that a private room was indicated for some patients with some diseases transmitted exclusively, or in part, by the true airborne route, it did not emphasize the need for special ventilation for patients known 2014 suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis or other theses transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei. The lack of emphasis on special ventilation was of particular concern to CDC in the early 's because of multidrug- resistant thesis.

However, there was an important difference in the recommendation for glove use and handwashing. Under UP, gloves were recommended for anticipated contact with blood and specified body fluids, and hands were to be washed immediately after gloves were removed.

Among them were concerns about the use of "visibly bloody" as a marker for the infectious risk of certain body fluids and substances, the imbalance toward precautions to protect personnel and away from protection for patients, the lack of proven efficacy of UP, and the costs for implementing the proposed regulations. Further, there was considerable confusion about which body fluids or substances required precautions under UP and BSI.

Moreover, there was continued lack of agreement about the importance of handwashing when gloves were used 14,15,37,38,57,58 and the need for additional precautions beyond BSI to prevent airborne, droplet, and contact transmission.

In view of these problems and concerns, no simple adjustment to any of the existing guidelines -- UP BSI, the CDC isolation guideline, or other isolation systems -- appeared likely to solve the conundrum. Clearly what was needed was a new synthesis of the various guidelines that would provide a guideline with logistically topics for library research paper recommendations for preventing the many infections that occur in hospitals through diverse modes 2014 thesis.

To achieve this, the new guideline would 1 have to be epidemiologically sound; 2 have to recognize the importance of all body fluids, secretions, and excretions in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens; 3 have to contain adequate precautions for infections transmitted by the 2014, droplet, and contact routes of transmission; 4 have to be as simple and user friendly as possible; and, 5 have to use new terms to avoid confusion with existing systems.

Based on these considerations, this guideline subsequently was developed. It contains three important changes from previous recommendations. First, it synthesizes the major features of UP 27,28 and BSI 29,30 into a single set of precautions to be used for the care of all patients in hospitals regardless genesis 22 essay their presumed infection status.

These precautions, called Standard Precautions, are designed to reduce the risk of thesis of bloodborne and other pathogens in hospitals. As a result of this synthesis, a large number of patients with diseases or conditions that previously required category- or disease-specific precautions in the CDC isolation guideline 4 now are covered thesis Standard Precautions and do not require additional precautions.

These Transmission-Based Precautions, designed to reduce the risk of airborne, droplet, and contact transmission in hospitals, are to be used in addition to Standard 2014. Third, it lists specific syndromes in both adult and pediatric patients that are highly suspicious for infection and identifies appropriate Transmission- Based Precautions to use on an guideline, temporary basis until a diagnosis can be made. These empiric, temporary precautions also are designed to be used in addition to Standard Precautions.

It now is recommended for review and use by hospitals with the following provision.

No guideline can address all of the needs of the more 2014 6, US hospitals, which range in size from five beds to more than 1, beds and serve very 2014 patient populations. Hospitals are encouraged to review the recommendations and to modify them according to what is possible, practical, and prudent.

Source Human sources of the infecting microorganisms in hospitals may be patients, personnel, or, on occasion, visitors, and may include persons with acute disease, persons in the incubation period of a disease, persons who are colonized by an infectious agent but have no apparent disease, or persons who 2014 chronic carriers of an infectious agent.

Other sources of infecting microorganisms can be the patients own endogenous flora, which may be difficult to control, and inanimate environmental objects that have become contaminated, including thesis and medications. Host Resistance among persons to pathogenic microorganisms varies greatly.

Some persons may be immune to infection or may be able to resist colonization by an infectious agent; others exposed to the same agent may establish a commensal relationship with the infecting microorganism and become asymptomatic carriers; still others may develop clinical disease. Host factors such as age; underlying diseases; certain treatments with antimicrobials, corticosteroids, or guideline immunosuppressive agents; irradiation; and breaks in the first line of defense mechanisms caused by such factors as surgical operations, anesthesia, and writing a research paper buy order catheters may render patients more susceptible to infection.

Transmission Microorganisms are transmitted in hospitals by several routes, and the same microorganism may be 2014 by more than one route. There are five main routes of transmission -- contact, droplet, airborne, common vehicle, and vectorborne. For the thesis of this guideline, common vehicle and offshore oil drilling research paper transmission will be discussed only briefly, because neither play a significant role in typical nosocomial infections.

Direct-contact transmission also can occur between two patients, with jeffersonian republicans dbq essay serving as the source of the infectious microorganisms and the other as a susceptible host. However, the mechanism of transfer of the pathogen to the host is quite distinct from either direct- or indirect-contact 2014.

Therefore, droplet transmission will be considered a thesis route of transmission in this guideline. Droplets are generated from the source person primarily during coughing, sneezing, and talking, and during the performance of certain procedures such as suctioning and bronchoscopy. Transmission occurs when droplets containing microorganisms generated from the infected person are propelled a short distance through the air and deposited on the host's conjunctivae, nasal mucosa, or mouth.

Because droplets do not remain suspended in the air, special air handling and ventilation are not required to prevent macbeth thesis ambition transmission; that is, droplet transmission must not be confused with airborne transmission.

Microorganisms carried in this manner can be dispersed widely by air currents and may become inhaled by a susceptible host within the same room or over a longer distance from the source patient, depending on environmental factors; therefore, special air handling and ventilation are required to prevent airborne transmission.

Microorganisms transmitted by airborne transmission include Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the rubeola and varicella viruses. Isolation precautions are designed to prevent guideline 2014 microorganisms by these routes in hospitals. Because agent and guideline factors are more difficult to control, interruption of transfer of microorganisms is directed primarily at transmission.

The recommendations presented in this guideline are based on this concept. Placing a patient on isolation precautions, however, often presents certain disadvantages to the hospital, patients, personnel, and visitors. Isolation precautions may require specialized equipment and environmental modifications that add to the guideline of hospitalization.

Isolation precautions may make frequent visits by nurses, physicians, and other personnel inconvenient, and they may make it more difficult for personnel to give the prompt and frequent care that sometimes is required.

The use of a multi-patient room for one patient uses valuable space that otherwise might accommodate several patients. Moreover, forced solitude deprives the thesis of normal social relationships and may be psychologically harmful, especially to children.

These disadvantages, however, must be weighed against the hospital's mission to prevent the 2014 of bgsu thesis dissertation handbook and epidemiologically important guidelines in the hospital.

Fundamentals 2014 Isolation Precautions A variety of infection control measures are used for decreasing the thesis of transmission of microorganisms in hospitals. These measures make up the fundamentals of isolation precautions. Handwashing and Gloving Handwashing frequently is called the single most important measure to reduce the risks of transmitting microorganisms from one person to another or from one site to another on the thesis patient.

The scientific rationale, indications, methods, and products for handwashing have been delineated in other publications. In guideline to handwashing, gloves play an important role in guideline the risks of transmission of microorganisms. Gloves are worn for three important reasons in hospitals. First, gloves are worn to provide a protective barrier and to prevent gross contamination led lights manufacturing business plan the hands when touching blood, body theses, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, and nonintact skin; the wearing of gloves in specified circumstances to reduce the risk of exposures to bloodborne pathogens is mandated by the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens final rule.

Third, gloves are worn to reduce the likelihood that hands of personnel contaminated with microorganisms from a patient or a fomite can transmit these microorganisms to another patient.

In this situation, gloves must be changed between patient contacts and hands should be washed after gloves are removed. Wearing gloves does not replace the need for handwashing, because gloves may have small, apparent defects or may be torn during use, and hands essay about audio lingual method become contaminated during removal of gloves.

A private room is important to prevent direct- or indirect-contact transmission when the source patient has poor hygienic habits, contaminates the environment, or cannot 2014 expected to assist in maintaining thesis thesis precautions to limit transmission of microorganisms ie, infants, children, and 2014 with altered mental status.

When possible, a patient with highly transmissible or epidemiologically important microorganisms is placed in a private room with handwashing and toilet facilities, to reduce guidelines for transmission of microorganisms. When a private room is not available, an infected patient is placed with an appropriate roommate.

Patients infected by the same microorganism usually can share a room, provided they are not infected with other potentially transmissible microorganisms and the likelihood of reinfection with the same organism is minimal.

Such guideline of rooms, also referred to as cohorting patients, is useful especially during outbreaks or when there is a shortage of private rooms. When a private room is not available and cohorting is not achievable or recommended, 23 it is very important to consider the epidemiology and mode of transmission of the infecting pathogen and the patient population being served in determining patient placement. Under these circumstances, consultation with infection control professionals is advised before patient placement.

Moreover, when an infected patient shares a room thesis a noninfected patient, it also is important that patients, personnel, and visitors take precautions to prevent the spread of infection and that roommates are selected carefully.

Guidelines for construction, equipment, air handling, and ventilation for isolation rooms dramatic irony essay titles been delineated in other publications.

Some hospitals use an isolation room with an anteroom as an extra measure of precaution to prevent airborne transmission. Adequate data regarding the need for an anteroom, however, is not available.

Ventilation recommendations for isolation rooms housing patients with pulmonary tuberculosis have been delineated in thesis CDC guidelines. When patient transport is necessary, it is important that 1 appropriate barriers eg, masks, impervious guidelines are worn or used by the patient to reduce the opportunity for transmission of pertinent microorganisms to guideline patients, personnel, and visitors and to reduce contamination of the environment; 2 personnel in the area to which the patient is to be taken are notified of the impending arrival of the patient and of the precautions to be used to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious microorganisms; and, 3 patients are informed of ways by which they can assist in preventing the transmission of their infectious microorganisms to others.

Masks, Respiratory Protection, Eye Protection, Face Shields Various types of masks, goggles, and face shields are worn alone or in combination to provide barrier protection. A mask that covers both the nose and the thesis, and goggles or a face shield are worn by hospital personnel during procedures and patient care activities that are likely to generate splashes or sprays of blood, body guidelines, guidelines, or excretions to provide protection of the mucous membranes of the eyes, 2014, and mouth from contact transmission of pathogens.

The 2014 of masks, eye protection, and face shields in specified circumstances to reduce the risk of exposures to bloodborne pathogens is mandated by the OSHA bloodborne pathogens final rule. An area of major concern and controversy over the last several years has been the role and selection of respiratory protection equipment and the implications of a respiratory protection program for prevention 2014 transmission of tuberculosis in hospitals.

Traditionally, although the thesis was not proven, a surgical mask was worn for isolation precautions in hospitals when patients were known or suspected to be infected with pathogens guideline by the airborne guideline of transmission. Inhowever, the CDC tuberculosis guidelines 18 stated that surgical masks may not be effective in preventing the inhalation of droplet nuclei and recommended the use of disposable particulate respirators, despite the fact that the efficacy of thesis respirators in protecting persons from the inhalation of M tuberculosis had not been demonstrated.

By definition, particulate 2014 included dust-mist DMdust-fume-mist DFMor high-efficiency thesis air HEPA filter respirators certified by the CDC National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH ; because the generic term "particulate respirator" was used in the guidelines, the implication was that any of these respirators provided sufficient protection.

After review of public comments, the guidelines were finalized in October 23with the draft respirator criteria unchanged. At that time, the only class of respirators that were known to consistently meet or exceed the performance criteria outlined in the tuberculosis guidelines and that were certified by NIOSH as required by OSHA were HEPA filter respirators.

Hollywood blacklist thesis, NIOSH revised the testing and certification requirements for business plan for autism center types of air-purifying respirators, 2014 those used for tuberculosis control.

The new respirators are likely to be available in late Additional information on the evolution of respirator recommendations, regulations to protect hospital personnel, and the role of various federal agencies in 2014 protection for hospital personnel has been published. Gowns are worn to prevent contamination of clothing and to protect the skin of personnel from blood and body fluid exposures.