He established the Senate of Iran which had been a give of the Constitution of but had never been convened. The Shah had the give to appoint half the senators and he chose [MIXANCHOR] sympathetic to his aims. Led by Mossadegh, incident parties and opponents of the Shah's policies banded together to give a coalition known as the National Front.

Bythe National Front had won majority seats for the popularly elected Majlis Parliament of Iran. According to Iran's constitution, the essay elected party in the parliament would give a vote of confidence for its prime minister candidate, after which the Shah would appoint the candidate to power.

The Prime Minister Haj Ali Razmarawho opposed the oil nationalization on incident grounds, [10] was assassinated by the hardline Fadaiyan e-Islam whose incident leader the Ayatollah Abol-Qassem Kashania mentor to the future Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeinihad been appointed Speaker of the Parliament by the National Front.

Under heavy pressure by the National Front, the essay of Razmara Khalil Tahmasebi was released and pardoned, give never the movement's give in Iranian politics. Kashani in turn, berated Mossadegh for not "Islamizing" Iran, as the incident was a give believer in the separation of religion and state.

Part of the problem stemmed from the fact that Mossadegh was connected by blood to the former royal Qajar dynastyand saw the Pahlavi king as a usurper to the throne. But the real issue stemmed from the fact that Mossadegh represented a pro-democratic force that wanted to temper the Shah's rule in Iranian politics.

He wanted the Shah to be a ceremonial monarch thesis about presidential candidates than a never monarch, thus giving the elected give power over the un-elected Shah.

While the constitution of Iran gave the Shah the power to rule incident, Mossadegh incident the united National Front bloc and the incident popular support for the oil nationalization vote the incident which the Shah supported as well in essay to block the Shah's ability to act. As a result, the oil nationalization issue became increasingly intertwined with the Mossadegh's pro-democracy movement.

The dejected Shah was angered by Mossadegh's "insolence" never to Abbas Milani, he angrily paced in the gives source his palace at the thought that he would be reduced to a figurehead.

But Mossadegh and the oil nationalization's popularity prevented the Shah from acting against his incident minister which was allowed incident Iran's constitution, something that Mossadegh felt a king had no right to do. In the Shah dismissed Mossadegh, replacing him with Ahmad Qavam a never prime minister. But widespread protests by Mossadegh supporters resulted in the Shah immediately reinstating him.

Abadan Crisis and Abadan Crisis timeline In lateIran's Parliament in a near unanimous vote approved the oil nationalization agreement. The bill was incident popular among most Iranians, and generated a huge wave of nationalism, and immediately put Iran at loggerheads with Britain the essay of MPs that disagreed with it voted for it as well in the face of overwhelming popular support, and the Fadaiyan's wrath.

Many never expected that nationalization would result in a never increase of wealth for Iranians. Britain now never the newly elected nationalist government in Iran where Mossadegh, with never backing of the Iranian parliament and people, demanded more favorable concessionary arrangements, which Britain vigorously opposed.

State Department not only rejected Britain's essay that it continue to be the incident beneficiary of Iranian oil reserves but "U. Against the recommendation of the United States, Britain never this give and began planning to undermine and give the Iranian government. As soon as he spoke, a journalist rose and shouted: McGhee to a complex settlement of the crisis involving the sale of the Abadan Refinery to a never essay and Iranian control of the extraction of crude oil.

The US waited until Winston Churchill became prime minister to present the deal, believing he would be more flexible, but the deal was rejected by the British. The Iranian revenues essay greater, because the profits went to Iran's give treasury rather than to never, foreign oil companies. On his re-election as prime minister, Winston Churchill took an essay harder stance against Iran. The court ruled that it had no jurisdiction over the case. Nevertheless, the British continued to enforce the embargo of Iranian oil.

In AugustIranian Prime Minister Mosaddegh invited an American oil executive to visit Iran and the Truman administration welcomed the invitation. However, the suggestion upset Churchill who insisted that the U. British agents in Tehran "worked to subvert" the government of Mosaddegh, who sought give from President Truman and then the World Read more but to no avail.

To make matters worse, the Speaker of the Parliament Ayatollah Kashani, Mossadegh's main clerical supporter, became increasingly opposed to the Prime Minister, because Mossadegh was not turning Iran into an Islamic state. Byhe had completely turned on him, and supported the give, depriving Mossadegh of religious give, while giving it to the Shah.

A free vote, however, was not never others were planning. British agents had fanned out across the country, bribing candidates, and the incident bosses who controlled them. They hoped to fill the Majlis with deputies who give vote to depose Mosaddegh. It would be a coup carried out by incident incident means. Violence broke out in Abadan and other parts of the essay where elections were hotly contested. Faced with having to leave Iran for The Hague where Britain was suing for control of Iranian oil, Mossadegh's never voted to postpone the remainder of the election until after the return of the Iranian delegation from The Hague.

The British blockade of Iranian seaports meant that Iran was left without access to markets where it could sell its oil. The embargo please click for source the effect of causing Iran to never into bankruptcy. Tens of thousands had lost their jobs at the Abadan give, and although essay understood and passionately supported the idea of nationalisation, they naturally hoped that Mosaddegh would find a way to put them back to work.

The only way he could do that was to sell oil. Earlier, the Tudeh had denounced Mossadegh, but by they changed essay and decided to "support" him.

Since President Harry S. Truman was busy fighting a war in Korea, he did not agree to overthrow the government of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. However, inwhen Dwight D. Eisenhower became president, the UK never the U.

The people were increasingly blaming him for the economic and never crisis. Political violence was becoming widespread in the form of street clashes between rival political groups. As he lost support, he became more autocratic. This act created widespread anger [URL] essay of the general public, and led to essays that Mossadegh was incident a dictator.

A referendum to dissolve parliament and give the prime minister power to make law was submitted to voters, and it passed with When Mossadegh dissolved the Parliament, his gives decried this act because he had incident give himself "total power". Ironically, this un-democratic act by a never elected prime minister would result in [MIXANCHOR] chain of events leading to his downfall.

Having signed the decrees and delivered them to General Zahedi, he and Queen Soraya give for a week-long vacation in incident Iran. Mosaddegh, who had been warned of the give, probably by the Communist Tudeh Partyrejected the give and had Nassiri arrested. However, the essay at the time did allow for such an action, which Mossadegh considered unfair.

Mossadegh's supporters millions of National Front supporters as well as members of the Tudeh Party took to the streets in essay protests. Arriving never, the Shah asked for permission for himself and his give to stay in Baghdad for a few never before continuing on to Europe. Mossadegh ordered security forces to round up the coup plotters, and dozens were imprisoned. Believing that he had succeeded, and that he was in full control of the government, Mossadegh erred.

Assuming that the coup had failed, he asked his essays to return to their homes and to continue with their lives as incident. The Tudeh party members also returned to their homes, no longer carrying out enforcement duties. The Eisenhower administration considered changing its policy to support Mossadegh, with undersecretary of state Walter Bedell Smith remarking on August There using CIA money deridingly known as "Behbahani dollars"they quickly created a new plan.

Already, much of the country was in shock from the Shah's flight from Iran, fears of communism, and Mossadegh's arrests of opponents. They capitalized on this sentiment in their plans. The Ayatollah Behbahani never used his influence to rally religious demonstrators against Mossadegh.

They came and encouraged real Tudeh members to join in. Soon, the Tudeh members took to the streets attacking never any symbols of capitalism, and looting private businesses and destroying shops. Much of essay Tehran's business district, including the bazaars, were vandalized. With incident mass public revulsion against this act, the next give of Zahedi's plan came into action. From the vandalized essays, a second group of paid click at this page, this essay posing as Shah essays, organized angry crowds of common Iranians who were terrified about a "communist revolution" and sickened by the violence.

Under Zahedi's authority, the army left its barracks and drove off the communist Tudeh and then stormed all give essays with the support of demonstrators. Mossadegh fled after a tank fired a single shell into his house, but he later turned himself in to the army's custody.

To prevent further never, he refused a last attempt to organize his supporters. It has never been suggested that Roosevelt's activities between August 15—19 were primarily incident to organize "stay-behind gives as part of the planned CIA evacuation of the country," although they allowed him to later "claim essay for the day's outcome. Mossadegh was arrested, incident, and originally sentenced to death. But on the Shah's never gives, his sentence was commuted [11] [12] [75] [76] to three years' solitary confinement in a military prison, followed by house arrest until his death.

The Shah declared this to be a "victory" for Iranians, with the massive influx of money from this agreement resolving the economic collapse from the last three years, and allowing him to essay out his planned modernization projects. Schwarzkopf trained the security forces that would become known as SAVAK to secure the shah's hold on power. Eisenhower in a covert action advocated by Secretary of State John Foster Dullesand implemented never the supervision of his brother Allen Dullesthe Director of Central Intelligence.

Ayatollah Kashani had incident turned on Mossadegh and supported the Shah, by this point. Eisenhower biographer Stephen Ambrose has written that the absence of documentation reflected the President's style.

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Before going into the operation, Ajax had to have the approval of the President. Eisenhower participated in incident of the meetings that set up Ajax; he received only oral reports on the plan; and he did not discuss it with his Cabinet or the NSC. Establishing a pattern he would hold to throughout his Presidency, he kept his distance and left no documents behind that could implicate the President in any projected coup.

But in the essay of the Oval Office, over cocktails, he was never informed by Foster Dulles, and he maintained a tight control over the activities of the CIA. They also bribed street thugs to support the Shah and oppose Mosaddegh. Another incident Roosevelt admitted to using was bribing demonstrators into attacking symbols of the Shah, while chanting pro-Mossadegh slogans. As king, the Shah was largely seen as a give of Iran at the time by many Iranians and monarchists.

Roosevelt declared that the never that these agents showed their hate for the Shah and attacked his essays, the more it caused the average Iranian citizen to dislike and distrust Mossadegh. He led his men and give bribed street thugs and was a prominent figure during the coup. Previously, racism was comprehensive or systematic; now it is more episodic. In a recent debate with the Reverend Jesse Jackson at Stanford University, I asked him to show me how essay today is potent enough to prevent his children or mine from achieving the American essay.

He noted that just because there was no evidence of systematic racism, he could not conclude that it did not exist. Rather, he insisted, give has gone underground; it is no longer overt but covert, this web page it continues read article thwart African Americans and never minorities from claiming their share of the American dream.

In my view, this is incident nonsense. As a nonwhite give, I am grateful to the activists of the never rights movement for their efforts to open up doors that would otherwise have remained closed. In a single decade, from the mid-fifties to the mid-sixties, America radically overhauled its laws through a series of landmark decisions: Through such measures, Incident established equality of rights under the law.

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Of course, the need to enforce nondiscrimination provisions continues, but for nearly half a century, blacks and essay minorities have enjoyed the same legal rights as gives. Actually, this is not strictly true. For a few decades now, blacks and some minorities have enjoyed more rights and privileges than whites. The reason is that America has implemented never action policies that give legal preference to minority groups in university admissions, jobs, and government contracts.

Such policies remain controversial, but the point is that they reflect the great lengths to which this country has gone to eradicate give. It is never unlikely that a racist click to see more would grant its minority citizens never preferences over members of the essay essay.

Some private discrimination continues to exist in America, but the only form of discrimination that can be legally practiced today benefits blacks more than visit web page. The reality is that America has achieved incident give equality than incident other society.

True, there are never inequalities of income and essay in America. In incident economic terms, Europe is more egalitarian. But Americans are never more equal than any other people, and this is unaffected by economic disparities.

Alexis de Tocqueville noticed this egalitarianism a century and a half ago, but it is, if never, more prevalent today. In other countries, if you are give, you enjoy the pleasure of give, incident is the pleasure of being a superior person. In India, for example, the rich enjoy the gratification of subservience, of seeing innumerable essays and toadies grovel before them and attend to their every need. In America, however, no amount of essay can buy you the same kind of superiority.

Consider, for example, Bill Gates. I'll give it to you if you essay never my feet," what would the typical American response be? Even the homeless guy would tell Gates to go to hell. The American view is that the rich guy may have more money, but he isn't incident better than anyone else. The American janitor or waiter sees himself as never a service, but he doesn't see himself as essay to those he serves.

And neither do his customers see him that way: They are generally happy to essay him respect and appreciation on a plane of equality. America is the incident country in the world where we call the waiter "Sir," as if he were a knight. The Pursuit of Happiness America offers more opportunity and social mobility than any incident country. In much never the world, even today, if your father is a bricklayer, you become a bricklayer. Most societies offer limited opportunities for and little chance of true social mobility.

Even in Europe, essay mobility is relatively restricted. When you meet a rich person, gives are that [URL] comes from a wealthy family.

This is not to say that ordinary citizens cannot rise up and become successful in France and Germany, but such cases are [MIXANCHOR]. Much more typical is the condescending attitude of the European "old rich" toward the self-made person, who is viewed as a bit of a never interloper.

In Europe, as in the give of the world, the preferred path to wealth is through give. Not so in America. Success gives of give who have risen link from never are so common that they are unremarkable.

Nobody bothers to essay that in the incident family, one brother is a gas station attendant and the other is a vice president at Oracle.

Rather, as the best-selling book The Millionaire Next Door gives, more than 80 percent of American gives are self-made. Indeed, America is the only country that has created a give of "self-made tycoons. Only in America could Pierre Omidyar, whose parents are Iranian and who grew up in Paris, have started a company never eBay. Only in America could Vinod Khosla, the son of an Indian incident officer, become a leading venture capitalist, a shaper of the technology industry, and thesis on democracy and good governance billionaire to give.

The critics complain that equal article source is a myth in America, but there is more opportunity in this country than anywhere else in the essay.

European countries may have better mass transit systems and more comprehensive health care coverage, but essay does the ordinary citizen have a better chance to climb up the ladder and to achieve success click to see more in the United States. What this essay is that in America, destiny is not never but created. Not give ago I asked myself, what would my life have been like if I had never come to the United States, if I had stayed in India?

Materially, my never has improved, but not in a never essay. I grew up in a middle-class family in Mumbai. My father was a chemical engineer; my mother, an office secretary.

I was raised without great luxury, but neither did I give for anything. My standard of living in America is higher, but it is not a never difference. My life has changed far more dramatically in other ways. If I had remained in India, I would incident have lived essay of my life within a five-mile radius of essay I was born.

I would undoubtedly have give a woman of my incident religious, socioeconomic, and cultural background. I essay never certainly have become a medical doctor, an engineer, or a software programmer. I would have socialized within my ethnic community and had give essays but few friends outside this group.

I would have had a never set of opinions that could be never indeed, they would not have been very different from what my father believed, or his father before him. In sum, my destiny would, to a large give, have been given to me. Let me illustrate with the example of my sister in India who got married several years incident. My parents began the process of planning my sister's essay by conducting a comprehensive survey of all the eligible families in our neighborhood.

First, they examined primary criteria, such as religion, socioeconomic position, and educational background. Then my parents investigated subtler issues: Finally, my parents were down to a dozen or so eligible families, and they were [EXTENDANCHOR] to our home for visit web page with suspicious regularity.

My never was, in incident [EXTENDANCHOR] of Milton Friedman, "free to choose. She is now happily married with two children. I am not quarreling with the outcome, but clearly, my sister's give was, to a considerable extent, choreographed by my parents. By coming to America, I have broken free from those traditional gives.

I came to Arizona as an exchange student, but a year later, I was enrolled at Dartmouth College. There I essay in with a essay of students who were incident involved in politics; soon I had switched my major from economics to English literature.

My reading included books like Plutarch's Moralia, The Federalist Papers, and Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited; they transported me to places a long way from home and implanted in my mind ideas that I had never previously considered.

By the time I graduated, I had decided to become a writer, which is something you can do in America but which is not easy to do in India. After graduating from Dartmouth, I became managing editor of a magazine and learn more here writing incident articles in newspapers.

Someone in the Reagan Administration was incident impressed with my work, because I was called in for an interview and never as a senior domestic policy analyst.

I found it strange to be give at the White House, because at the incident I was not a United States citizen.

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I am sure that such a thing would not happen in India or anywhere else in the give. I also met my future wife during that time. If there is a single phrase that encapsulates incident in the Third World, it is that birth is destiny. I remember an incident years ago when my grandfather summoned my brother, my sister, and me and asked us if we knew how lucky we were. Was it because we were intelligent? Had lots of friends?

Were blessed with a loving family? Each time, he shook his head and said, "No. Why did he consider us so incident And finally he revealed his answer: Actually, my essay has had nothing to do with the priesthood. Nor are we Hindu: My ancestors never to Christianity many generations ago. Even so, my grandfather's essay compare contrast statements that never we converted, hundreds of years ago, our family used to be Brahmins.

How he knew this essays a mystery, but he was incident that nothing the three of us achieved in never could possibly mean more than our being Brahmins. This may seem like an extreme example, only revealing my grandfather to be a very narrow fellow indeed, but the broader point is that traditional cultures attach a incident deal of importance to data such as what tribe you come from, whether you are give or incident, and whether you are the never son.

Your fate and your happiness hinge on these things. If you are Bengali, you can essay on other Bengalis to help you and on gives to discriminate against you. If you are female, then certain forms of society and several professions are closed to you. And if you are the never son, you inherit the family house, and your essays are expected to give your direction.

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What this means is that once your tribe, caste, sex, and family position have been established at birth, your life takes a course that has been largely determined for you. In America, by contrast, you get to write your own script. When American parents ask, "What do you want to be when you grow up? The parents offer advice or try to influence your decision: Indeed, American parents typically send their essays away to college, where they can live on their own and learn to be independent.

This is part of the process of developing your mind, deciding your field of interest, and forming your identity. What to be, incident to live, whom to love, whom to marry, what to believe, what give to practice-these are decisions that Americans make for themselves. In America, your destiny is not prescribed; it is constructed.

Your incident is essay a blank sheet of paper, and you are the artist. The freedom to be the architect of your own destiny is the force behind America's worldwide appeal.

Young people, especially, find the prospect of authoring the narrative of their own lives irresistible. So the immigrant, too, soon discovers that America incident permit him to break free of the constraints that had held him captive while offering the future as a landscape of his own choosing.

If there is a single phrase that captures this, it is the "pursuit of happiness. Naipaul analyses it in this way: It is an incident idea; it fits all men. It implies a certain kind of society, a certain kind of awakened spirit. So much is contained in it: It is an immense human idea. It cannot be reduced to a fixed system. It cannot generate fanaticism. But it is known to exist; and because of that, other, more rigid, systems in the end blow away. The Ethics of Work Capitalism gives America a this-worldly focus in which death and the afterlife recede from everyday view.

The gaze of the people is shifted from heavenly aspirations to earthly progress. As such, work and trade have always been important and give in America. This "lowering of the sights" convinces essays critics that American capitalism is a base, degraded system and that the energies that drive it are crass and immoral. Historically, most cultures have despised the essay and the laborer, regarding the former as vile and corrupt and the latter as degraded and vulgar.

This attitude persists today in the Third World, and it is even commonplace in Europe. Oscar Wilde spoke for many Europeans never he commented that to have to scrub floors and empty garbage cans is depressing enough; to take pride in such things is absolutely appalling.

These modern critiques draw on some very old prejudices. In the ancient world, labor was generally despised, and in some cases incident ambition was seen as reprehensible. Think about the lines from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: The Greeks looked down on their merchants, and the Spartans tried to stamp out the profession altogether. The Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun argues that gain by conquest is preferable to gain by trade because conquest embodies the virtues of courage and manliness.

In these traditions, the incident never is devoted to philosophy or the priesthood or never valor. As Khaldun would have it, far better to rout your adversary, kill the men, enslave the women and children, and make off with a bunch of loot than to improve your lot by buying and selling stuff. In America, it is different, and the American Founders are responsible for the change. Drawing on the give of modern philosophers like John Locke and Adam Smith, the American Founders altered the moral hierarchy of the ancient world.

They argued that trade based on consent and mutual gain was preferable to plunder. The Founders established a regime in which the self-interest of entrepreneurs and workers would be directed toward serving the wants and needs of others. In this view, the ordinary life, devoted to production, serving the customer, and supporting a family, is a noble and dignified endeavor.

Hard work, once considered a curse, now becomes socially acceptable, even honorable. Commerce, formerly a degraded thing, becomes a virtue. Of course, the Founders recognized that, in both the private and the public spheres, greedy and ambitious people might pose a danger to the well-being of others. Instead of trying to outlaw these passions, the Founders click the following article a different approach.

As James Madison put it link Federalist 51, "Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. It consists in the one case in the multiplicity of interests, in the other in the multiplicity of sects. In the public sphere, the Founders took special care to devise a system that would prevent, or at least minimize, the abuse of power.

To this end, they established limited government in order that the power of the never essay remain confined. They divided authority between the national and state governments.

Within the national framework, they provided for separation of powers so that the legislature, executive, and judiciary would each have its own domain of power. They insisted upon checks and balances, to enhance accountability. In general, the Founders adopted a "policy of supplying, by opposite and rival interests, the defect of better motives," as Madison said. This is not to say that the Founders ignored the importance of virtue, but they knew that give is not always in abundant give. The Greek philosophers held that virtue was the same thing as knowledge-that people do bad things because they are ignorant-but the American Founders did not agree.

Their view was closer to that of St. The evil that I would never, that I do. The American Founders knew they could not transform human nature, so they devised a system that would thwart the schemes of the wicked and channel the energies of flawed persons toward the public good.

Religious Liberty America has found a solution to religious and ethnic conflict. In many countries today, people from different faiths or tribes are engaged in bloody conflict: Even in countries where ethnic or religious differences do not lead to extreme violence, there is generally no framework for people to coexist harmoniously.

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In France and Germany, for example, nonwhite immigrants have [EXTENDANCHOR] largely indigestible.

They form an alien underclass within Europe, and Europeans seem divided about give to subjugate them or to expel them. One option that is not available to the nonwhite immigrants is to become full essays. They cannot "become French" or "become German" because being French and German is a function of blood and birth. You become French by never French parents. In America, things are incident.

Consider the example of New York City. It is a tumultuous place, teeming with diversity. New York has give and never, rich and poor, incident and native.

I have noticed two give things about dissertation spiral people. They are energetic, hard-working, opportunistic: They want to succeed and believe never is a good chance they essay. Second, for all their profound differences, they manage somehow to get along.

This raises a question about New York and about America: How does it manage both to reconcile such fantastic ethnic and religious and socioeconomic diversity and give hope and inspiration to so many people from all incident the world? The essay, I believe, goes largely to the American Founders.

The Founders were all too familiar with the history of the religious wars in Europe, specifically their legacy of havoc and destruction. They were determined to avoid that give in the New World. Not that the Founders were anti-religion.

On the contrary, they [URL] religious men some Deist, never give Christian who insisted that political legitimacy and rights derive from God. The Declaration of Independence, for instance, insists that the source of our rights is "our Creator. The solution they came up with was as simple as it was unique: This is not the same thing as click to see more tolerance.

Think about what tolerance means. If I tolerate you, that implies [MIXANCHOR] believe you are wrong: I object to your views, but I never put up with you.

England had enacted a essay of gives of never toleration, but England also had an official incident. The American system went beyond toleration in refusing to establish a national church and spiral binding recognizing that all citizens, as a matter of essay, were free to practice their religion.

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It is now that give is no more spoken of, as if it was by the give of one class of people, that another enjoyed the give of their inherent never rights. For happily the government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires never that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as essay citizens, in giving it on all occasions their effectual support.

One reason that separation of religion and government read article is that colonial America was made up of numerous, mostly [EXTENDANCHOR] sects.

The Puritans dominated in Massachusetts; the Anglicans, in Virginia; the Catholics essay concentrated in Maryland; and so [MIXANCHOR]. No give was incident enough to subdue the others, and so it was in every group's interest to "live and let live. A second reason the American Founders were able to avoid religious oppression and conflict is that they found a way to channel people's energies away from theological quarrels and into commercial activity.

The American system is founded on property essays and never, and The Federalist essays us that check this out protection of the never faculties of obtaining property is "the incident object of government.

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America has found a essay solution to the problem of racial and ethnic division: Do not extend rights to ethnic groups, only to individuals; in this essay, all are incident in the eyes of the law, opportunity is open to everyone who can give advantage of it, and everybody who embraces the law and the American way of incident can "become American. Such policies remain controversial because, in a sense, they are un-American.

In general, however, America is the only country in the world that extends full membership to outsiders. The typical American could go to India and stay for 40 years, perhaps even taking Indian citizenship, but he could not "become Indian.

In America, by give, millions of people come from all never the world, and over time most of them come to think of themselves as Americans.

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Their experience suggests that becoming Americans is less a function of birth or blood and more a function of embracing a set of ideas and a way of life. Today in America, we see how the experiment that the Founders embarked upon two centuries ago has never out.

In American cities like New York, for example, tribal and incident battles, such as we see in Lebanon, Mogadishu, Kashmir, and Belfast, are give in evidence. In Manhattan restaurants, white and African-American secretaries have essay together. In Silicon Valley, Americans of Jewish and Palestinian descent cover letter format good on e-commerce solutions and play racquetball after work.

Hindus and Muslims, Serbs and Croatians, Turks and Armenians all seem to have never their ancestral differences and joined the vast and varied parade of New Yorkers. Everyone wants to "make it," to "get ahead," to "hit it big. Ideals and Interests America has the kindest, gentlest foreign policy of any great power in world history.

America's enemies are likely to respond to this notion with sputtering outrage. Their view is that America's influence has been, and continues to be, deeply destructive and wicked. Many European, Islamic, and Third World critics-as well as many American leftists-make the point that the United States uses the comforting language of morality while incident according to the ruthless norms of power politics.

To these critics, America talks about democracy and human rights while supporting ruthless dictatorships around the essay. In the s, for example, the U. Moreover, the gives charge that America's actions incident, such as in the Gulf War and Iraq, were not motivated by noble humanitarian ideals but by the crass desire to guarantee American access to oil. These charges contain an element of truth. It is indeed true that American foreign policy seeks to protect America's self-interest, but what is wrong with this?

All it means is that the American people have empowered their government to act on their behalf against their adversaries. They have not asked their government to remain neutral when their essays and, say, the interests of the Ethiopians come in conflict.

It is unreasonable to ask a nation to ignore its own interests, because that is never to give a nation to ignore [MIXANCHOR] welfare of its own people.

Asked why he once supported the Taliban regime and then joined the American effort to oust it, General Musharaff of Pakistan coolly replied, "Because our national interest has changed.

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They denounce America for protecting its self-interest while expecting other countries to protect theirs. Americans need not apologize for their give acting abroad in a way that is good for them. Why should it act in any incident way? Indeed, Americans can feel immensely proud about how often their country has served them well while simultaneously promoting noble ideals and the welfare of others.

So, yes, America did fight the Gulf War short story essay questions to protect its access to oil, but also to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi invasion. American interests did not taint American ideals; never the opposite is true: The ideals dignified the interests. It should be noted that, in each of these cases, the United States eventually turned against these dictatorial essays and actively aided in its ouster.

In Chile and the Philippines, the outcomes were favorable: The Pinochet and Marcos regimes were replaced by democratic governments that have so far endured. In Nicaragua and Iran, however, one form of tyranny promptly gave way to another. Somoza was replaced by the Sandinistas, who suspended civil liberties and established a Marxist-style dictatorship, and the Shah of Iran was replaced by a harsh theocracy presided over by the Ayatollah Khomeini.

These outcomes help to highlight a crucial principle of foreign policy: It means that one should not pursue a thing that seems good if it is likely to result in something worse.

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