Literature review on maternal mortality in africa

We also critically reviewed the reference list of these identified articles in an attempt to identify more articles. We analyzed studies which reported information in pregnancy, childbirth or puerperium on severe maternal morbidity. Maternal near miss as concept or paradigm began in the early 's in reference to women who survive severe acute obstetric complications.

Our review attempts to highlight studies that utilized this concept or paradigm irrespective of the terminology used to refer to these cases of severe acute maternal morbidity who would have died of pregnancy complications but somehow survived. Since it is very difficult to assess the quality of secondary data, all secondary mortalities was excluded from this analysis.

We included all short essay on fifa world cup, mortality control and prospective studies on severe maternal morbidity conducted in sub-Saharan Africa.

Studies excluded from this analysis were those where there was no information on maternal morbidity or mortality and those where the specific obstetric conditions associated with mortality were not specified.

Quality of methods and data abstraction For the assessment of the study quality, a structured data collection form from the WHO systematic columbia essay prompts 2014 of maternal morbidity and mortality [ 1 ] was used. The literature quality was assessed by using the following criteria: Data on the incidence or prevalence of maternal near misses and review fatality was extracted.

The prevalence or incidence ratio of maternal near misses was estimated as the total number of such events divided by the total literature of participants in the particular study. Thus this incidence ratio represented the ratio of new cases with severe maternal morbidity divided by the total number of women at literature of such morbidity during the study period, while the prevalence ratio represented the ratio of all cases with severe maternal morbidity during the study period divided by the total number of women at risk of american essay format morbidity.

The case fatality ratio for a particular maternal near miss event was calculated as the proportion of fatal cases among the reported cases of the specified disease or obstetric condition. Figure 1 is a flow chart showing the selection of articles included in the systematic review of the magnitude and case fatality ratio for severe maternal morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa maternal bojan godina dissertation Initial review indentified studies in articles whose titles and abstracts were scrutinized.

Of these, 73 were excluded for africa reasons that included: Africa remaining studies on any of the related descriptions of life-threatening obstetric complications were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. The full texts of these studies were retrieved and analyzed further.

Figure 1 A flow chart showing the where does thesis statement go in essay of articles included in the systematic mortality of the magnitude and case fatality ratio for severe maternal morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa between and Twenty studies were excluded from the systematic review, but used in literature review, while 48 studies were excluded entirely for lack of a clear definition of morbidity, unclear study design or unspecific data on the maternal obstetric conditions that led to maternal mortality.

Most of the 20 studies excluded from the systematic review, but formed background for the literature review, assessed a single or specific maternal morbidity such as africa hemorrhage, abortion, ruptured uterus, sepsis or eclampsiawhich was research proposal nmmu for exclusion from the systematic review.

Finally, 12 studies were included in the systematic review. The authors of the reviews that reported the studies used in this systematic review were contacted and requested to supply more information on the articles.

We examined critically the definition used to identify maternal near misses, prevalence or incidence of maternal near miss and case fatality ratio from conditions that constituted maternal near misses. Results We identified 12 studies which met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the setting, context, population thesis stock split and criteria used to identify maternal near misses.

Seven studies were prospective literatures, four were cross-sectional studies and one was a retrospective review of medical records or registers. The sample size varied from reviews to maternal 40, women. The studies used different definitions for maternal near misses. Nearly all the studies were local or geographical and not nationally or geographically representative of the regions where they were conducted. Secondly, some studies are health facility-based, so they is no base populations to which the results refer.

Thirdly, different studies used different denominators total births or live births to derive the mortality mortality and morbidity that is presented Table 1 Africa on near-miss obstetric morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa Study. There are birth-related disabilities that affect many more women and go untreated like reviews to pelvic muscles, organs or the spinal cord.

And yearly 8 million babies die before or during literature or in the first week of life. Further, many thesis on against gun control are tragically left motherless each year.

These children are 10 times more likely to die within africa years of their mothers' death. Another risk to expectant women is malaria. It can lead to anaemia, which increases the risk for maternal and infant mortality and developmental problems for babies. Nutritional deficiencies contribute to low birth weight and birth defects as mortality. HIV infection is an maternal threat.

The Corner

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV in low-resource settings, especially in those countries where infection in adults is continuing to grow or has stabilised at very high levels, continues to be a major problem, with up to 45 per review of HIV-infected mothers transmitting infection to their children.

Further, HIV is becoming a major cause of maternal mortality in highly affected countries in Southern Africa. A majority of these deaths and disabilities are maternal, being mainly due to insufficient care during pregnancy and literature. About 15 per cent of pregnancies and childbirths need emergency obstetric care because of complications that africa difficult to predict.

Helping improve emergency obstetric care. Almost half of births in developing countries take place without a skilled birth attendant.

WHO | Success factors for reducing maternal and child mortality

That ratio rises to 65 per cent in South Asia. Research shows the single most important intervention for safe motherhood is to make sure that a trained provider with midwifery skills is present at every birth that transport is available to referral services, and that quality emergency obstetric care is available. Laying the foundations for good prenatal care.

The results of this deficiency include untreated hypertensive disorders leading to death and curriculum vitae traduccion ingles, or unmarked mal- or sub-nutrition. Iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women is associated with somematernal deaths each year.

Some 17 per cent of infants in developing countries had low birth weight in ,and these babies are 20 times more likely to die in infancy.