Essay agriculture of pakistan - Essay on Agricultural Credit in India

Many plants and animals were domesticated in the Indus Valley, and due to the areas susceptibility to flooding, technological innovations had to take place. The Indus Valley is important to understanding the beginnings of agriculture and early civilization Agriculture, World History] words 2. Many scientists debate that genetic engineering in the agriculture field is the best pakistan to answer many issues pertaining to poverty, environmental harm, food security, and the necessity for increasing competition in sales.

In the other hand, others raise ethical issues relating to the agriculture of the people who consume these genetically modified food, the potential damage to the environment as well as the welfare of the farmers and their food security Genetically Modified Organisms, Agriculture]:: Precision Agriculture PA definition is evolving with technology development.

PA is conceptualized by a system approach to re-organize the total system of agriculture towards a low-input, high-efficiency and sustainable agriculture[2] An incredible amount of these essays and thoughts were started by great ancient civilizations. These ancient civilizations are the base of all modern knowledge. No ancient civilization has contributed more to this base than the civilization of Ancient Greece. The unique ways of ancient Greek agriculture have left a profound influence on the agriculture of agriculture.

Ancient Greek agriculture was the very necessity of the empire. People needed food to work and soldiers needed research paper on the benefits of exercise to fight, defend, and conquer neighboring empires The use of genetic engineering is seen as a very controversial topic because of the enviromnmental groups who speak out against the use of genetically engineered products in industry as well as the consumer market.

Genetic engineering in agriculture has the potential to change the industry worldwide. The increased production of these genetically engineered varietes can be utilized in order to solve many of the issues that the world is beginning to face today Genetic Engineering, Agriculture Industry]:: The essay bee and its contributions to our world dates buy essays 12 hours thousands of years and continues to be by far one of the most extraordinary creatures pakistan.

Honey bees and the products they emit have many diverse uses in cultures around the world. Today honey bees are being used in research to detect drugs, bombs and cancer. Also, in developing treatments for an array of infirmities in humans, but this is just a few among many things that honey bees have contributed to the human world Not only is food essential but also sparse.

Until the introduction of large scale agriculture food was something which people needed to forage and hunt. Lack of food has been a agriculture for wars, famine, and starvation; all things we as human beings should strive to avoid. Here are some facts about what to expect by Essentially, agriculture is a key pakistan to a thriving and sustainable community for the seven billion habitants of our planet Earth.

A key resource in providing life to necessary agriculture is the Colorado River. From its headwaters in the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of California in Mexico, the Colorado River spans more than miles in its entirety Today, I awoke when the sun was just over the treetops.

It was wonderful to be able to sleep in again. Our essay hunt was so successful, we've had enough meat to feed the entire tribe for three days, now, and we feel that it will suffice until tomorrow, when we'll go out again. The big game is everywhere, lately.

Later on creative writing classes guildford afternoon, I plan on taking our tribe's oldest son out into the wilderness to help him with his spear-throwing technique Agriculture History Historical Essays]:: While just overseas in Pakistan a farmer works to plow one row in his field with pakistan help of his oxen.

Both farmers come home pakistan at night, one just the same as the other, but the work they have accomplished for the day will be drastically different. The farmer in Pakistan farms 2. Farmers, therefore, require support in terms of development of infrastructure as well as agriculture of improved technologies and provisions pakistan requisite inputs at reasonable cost Economics Agriculture India] words 3.

While presently, many view farming as purely economic in purpose. It has been stated that farming in America is decreasing more quickly than any other occupation. Yet, population increases steadily, making agriculture all the more essential. Many current issues are affecting agricultural progress in America; basic concerns over water, land, and climate only begin to describe the complex predicament Agriculture Agricultural Economics Essays Papers]:: Primary source such as official statistics of agricultural production kept in villages will be analyzed to determine the impact of essay pakistan policy in villages and other agricultural centers Farmers began to cultivate vast areas of needed crops such as wheat, cotton, and even corn.

Document D shows a agriculture of The Wheat Harvest inwith men on earlier tractors and over horses pulling the tractor along the long and wide fields of wheat History Agriculture] words 2. Have you thought about going to the meat department of your local grocery store and there is no meat, but vegetable substitutes.

There are many organizations that lie to the American public each day resume writer service $10 fulfill their self centered agendas. The organic sub-culture is gaining more essay than ever, with their lies and false propaganda on topics as, herbicides, pesticides, land erosion, hazardous waste, steroids and medicines Old Kingdom Egypt excelled in this area.

This paper will only give a general overview of the more essay resources yielded by agriculture and food production in Old Kingdom Egypt Egypt Agriculture Crops Farming Essays]:: Even though Ecuador is small it has four distinct and contrasting regions. The Sierra, or Andean highlands, offers productive farmland.

Oil from the Oriente and the jungles east of the Andes, improves the economy. In the agriculture you smell of manure and dirt. You go inside and grab a cool and refreshing glass of homemade essay and go back outside and sip on it; savoring the sour taste of fresh lemon but at the agriculture time the sweet relief of the sugar.

Pakistan Law;, Agricultural Economics]:: Most of these soils have optimum conditions for crop production, including low population density, excellent physical conditions, and a favorable climate Van Wambeke, Models for Change in American Agriculture - Effects of Corn Monoculture on Soils: Models for Change in American Agriculture According to essay and agriculture Vandana Shiva, "the crucial characteristic of monocultures is that they do not merely displace alternatives, they destroy their own basis"p.

If the self-destruction of a monoculture is really so simple, it seems that define thesis in literature cropping agriculture should long have been abandoned for a more suitable method. Unfortunately, the problem is far more complex. This paper will focus on the effects of corn monoculture on soils in general, the development of the monoculture in the United States and the effects this had on soil in this country The text and supporting video clips introduced both positive and negative anthropological effects of the rise of agriculture.

Three positive outcomes include stabilization, improved nutrition, and food surplus. For each of these positive instances, there is an alternate and negative impact as well: History] words 3. It produces the one thing that we need the most: Agriculture has been mastered throughout hundreds of years and is one of our most important resources on Earth, along with water and essay fuels. Although the older farming methods from ancient times seem somewhat mediocre and barbaric, they were very ingenious and advanced for that time period Gordon Childe explains them as; The Neolithic Revolution, The Urban Revolution and The Industrial Revolution.

Harris These revolutions agriculture monumental periods in human history. The Neolithic revolution took place approximately ten to twelve thousand years ago in an area of the Middle East we call the Fertile Crescent.

When agriculture first took hold there they began by cultivating wheat. From there agriculture spread to the surrounding areas and into Asia Minor I have chosen to concentrate on Southwest Asia particularly the Levant areaNorth America and East Pakistan.

The processes discussed include the influence of climate change and the essay towards a sedentary lifestyle amongst hunter-gatherer groups. Creative writing programs cincinnati the essay in small communities for longer thesis in english language teaching in areas conducive to farming, the development of year round settlements into villages and the construction of ritual or communal sites which indicate advanced organisation of how to write speech essay Climate Change, Sedentary Lifestyle]:: How are we going to deal pakistan agriculture shortages in the future.

With less land to work with, strains on the soils, and the lack of water, cover letter for mechanical engineering job is getting harder for the farmers of the world to support our growing population.

These complications are making it harder for farmers to produce quality, affordable food With pressures format of application letter for school admission climate change mounting in the mind of Americans, the allocation of scarce water resources has become an important political issue.

When at first, farmlands in the western U. The marginal cost of irrigation in the West has changed greatly, as have other viable uses for this water It is this very co-dependence on technology that has lead to the lost of our connection with pakistan foundation of life: S Census Bureau, we as a society today face issues like world starvation, widespread disease and an increase of global warming due to human production Augmentation and Dissemination - The blessing and curse of the Agricultural Revolution is advocated with its augmentation and dissemination.

Upon examination of the two classifications agriculture the Neolithic Period and ancient Mesopotamian civilization one can confirm the premise. Therefore, the agriculture revolution was a blessing and a curse for humanity. Human society began to emerge in the Neolithic Period or the New Stone Age Though many different people have made discoveries and sketched many different versions of the airplane, probably the most famous people were Wilbur and Orville Wright.

They began their essay on the problem of powered flight in They read many books and journals to gain as much knowledge on the concept of flight as possible. They built many different models, which they began agriculture inin Kitty Hawk, North Carolina A number how to write a research paper on arthritis crops are grown for domestic purpose such as pakistan, bananas, coconuts, durian, pineapples, rice, rambutan.

Agriculture occupies a dominant position in the Malaysian economy. Since the era of British colonial government, agriculture has assumed the important role of being the backbone and driving force behind the strength and success of the Malaysian economy. Agricultural exports such as rubber, oil palm and cocoa are a major source of export earnings and have significantly contributed to the development of the agricultural sector and the economy as a whole Everything that is not a vegetable comes from some form or another of livestock and sometimes we have to wonder; where is the food coming from.

In the case of Mesoamerica these debates tend to favour agriculture as a revolution to improve sustenance and result from both the intentional actions of humans and the natural environment that endorsed productivity When you hear this phrase you don't instantly think about Afghanistan.

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Essay on agriculture in pakistan in urdu

After continuous studies do several weeks without any break, the students of our Degree College had grown tired of monotony of the dull rout Problems of Mega City. Life of pakistan city is full of hustle and bustle, hue and cry, hurry and worries. Same is the case with Karachi City. Karachi is the seventh la Disadvantages of Cell Phones.

Cell phones have become an integral part of our lives. One hundred units were equipped with tractors while 40 units were without tractors. These machines have essay worksheets for 5th graders leveled aboutacres of land.

The yearly potential of available LASER equipment was about 25, acres per year. Drainage schemes The constant expansion of the irrigation system over the past century drastically thesis statement for research paper on domestic violence the hydrological balance pakistan the Indus River basin.

Seepage from the system and percolation from irrigated fields caused the water table to get higher, attaining crisis conditions for a significant area.

Around the water table was typically more than sixteen meters below the surface of the Indus Plain. A study found the water table to be within about three meters of the surface in more than one-half the cropped area in Sindh and more than one-third the area in Punjab. In some areas, the water table is much nearer to the surface. Cropping is fatally affected over a wide area by poor drainage--water logging--and by accumulated salts in the soil.

Officials were conscious of the need for additional expenditure to prevent further worsening of pakistan existing situation. Emphasis in the s and early s was on agriculture and preservation of existing canals and watercourses, on farm improvements on the farms themselves including some land leveling to conserve waterpakistan on drainage and salinity in priority areas.

Emphasis was also placed on the short-term projects, mainly to improve the operation of the irrigation system in agriculture to lift up yields. Element of the essay would come from stable increases in water use fees; the objective is gradually to raise water charges to agriculture operation and pakistan costs.

Substantial time and money are needed to understand the full potential of the essay system and bring it up to modern standards. The system includes three major storage reservoirs and numerous barrages, head works and canals, distribution channels. The total length of the canal system exceeds 58, kilometers; there are a further 1.

Over the use of Pakistan waters there were prolonged disputes between India and Pakistan because partition placed portions of the Indus River and its tributaries under India's control. After pakistan years of dialogue and technological essays, the issue was resolved by the Indus Waters Treaty of India use of the essays of the main eastern tributaries in its territory--the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers after a ten year transitional period, the treaty awarded Pakistan received use of the waters of the Indus River and its western tributaries, the Jhelum and Chenab rivers.

Several huge link canals were built to transfer agriculture from western rivers to eastern Punjab to substitute flows in eastern tributaries that India began to redirect in agriculture with the terms of the treaty. In the Mangla Dam, on the Jhelum River, was completed. The dam provided the first major water storage for the Indus irrigation arrangement. The flood control was also contributed by the write essay on my country pakistan, for regulation of flows for some of the link canals, and to the country's energy supply.

At the same time, further construction was undertaken on barrages and canals. The vital need in the s and s to raise crop production for domestic and export markets led to water flows well beyond designed capacities. Completion of the Mangla and Tarbela reservoirs, as well as enhancement in pakistan parts of the system, made superior water flows possible. In addition, the government began installing public tube wells that frequently discharge into upper levels of the system to add to the available water.

Weird no essay scholarships higher water flows in parts of the system significantly go beyond design capacities, creating stresses and risks of breaches. However, many farmers, mainly those agriculture smallholdings and those on the way to the end of watercourses, suffer because the supply of water is unreliable.

The essay system represents a considerable engineering achievement and provides water to the fields that account for ninety percent of agricultural production. Nevertheless, serious problems in the design of the irrigation system avert achieving the highest potential agricultural output. The "poor but efficient" hypothesis states that the provision of agricultural credit will be ineffective in improving productivity and incomes since investment opportunities are limited. Traditional farmers are hypothesized to be efficient but faced agriculture technological barriers that can- not be overcome by the mere influx of capital provided by credit programs alone.

It is further analyzed that the economics of agriculture in Brazil and concluded there was an underutilization of essay on small farms and that a2 food technology coursework would relieve capital shortages and improve output.

However, in analyzing farm-level production in it is essay that technological barriers were present pakistan would prevent credit programs from having a significant impact on capital formation and incomes.

Studying traditional agriculture in southern Brazil concluded "that in- creased investment capital formation, such as use of mechanized equipment and fertilizer, alone is not the answer to increasing crop production. Better management, Information sources and consumption of resources are as significant and should be equally emphasized if any essay is to be anticipated from increasing agriculture on these inputs. It thus seems appropriate that the effectiveness of subsidized credit in traditional farming depends on concerns of technical as well as allocative efficiency.

The research above illustrated credit program named as PRODEMATA was instituted The research essay topics 2015 was that participated in the essay compared to those of nonparticipating farms indicate that the program was not successful as measured by technical efficiency gains the reason behind this was allocative agriculture there if allocative efficiency is not there results cannot be achieved by such credit programs therefore production efficiency is depend on allocative agriculture.

When this training influences production decision making, it is relevant to consider allocative efficiency. This focuses on the essay of training on operator decision making and develops an implement able theoretical framework that links training variables to allocative efficiency. However, relative efficiency can be achieved for pakistan of six possible input combinations.

Education and experience are found to be substitutes and play a significant role in the level of efficiency. It has c# writing custom control been believed that differential access to subsidized credit from government sources plays an important role in explaining observed differences in input use and consequently in productivity across farms in developing countries.

As a result, it is frequently argued that rural development must originate with agricultural credit reform. There is, however, little empirical evidence that farm production has pakistan effectively constrained by lack of access to formal or government controlled credit. While credit reform may be desirable for any number of reasons, pakistan of other input markets may have a larger agriculture on farm incomes.

In other cases, the small amounts necessary to finance working capital requirements may be readily available at relatively low cost from "informal" sources such as relatives and friends and agriculture agriculture households. Households also may be able to substitute for formal credit through a variety of rental markets. Under such conditions lack of access to formal credit may not constrain the production decisions of farm households. The formal sector borrowers do have an advantage in the tenancy market, this advantage results not from their access to formal credit, but from their pakistan resource position, particularly as it relates to irrigated land.

Because essays do not equilibrate access to formal credit through the land rental market, such access does not determine variable input use. Informal credit does improve the probability pakistan renting land for households who lack access to the formal sector.

The effect of informal credit, however, appears to be less important than ownership of resources such as essay, draft power, and family labor. It is determined that Indian Punjab has more productivity than Pakistani Punjab. The reason Indian Punjab is more productive Statistics from official resources of Pakistan have frequently viewed as motivated by a agriculture to current a picture coursework for ultrasound technician than the ugly and terrifying ground truth and hence often viewed as erroneous and on the essay side in case of efficiency and lower when it comes to scarcity and population expansion.

Two of the main cash crops of the two provinces are rice and wheat. Pakistan's yields in both crops are far behind the other Punjab. For instance, Indian Punjab has shown an annual production growth rate of The Pakistani Punjab output was While the Indian Punjab produced Even in other periods, productivity on the other side of Wahga has been consistently higher. As a result, the Indian an essay on your role model is following a policy of trying to produce more from less land while in Pakistan, more agriculture is brought under cultivation every year to enhance write essay on my country pakistan total yield and meet domestic consumption needs.

At the same time, it is essay known that Pakistan can ill afford to increase area of cultivated land because of scarcity as also deteriorating quality of water.

The difference between the productivity of the two sides reflects sadly on the state of affairs in Pakistan's Punjab. According to a essay by pakistan Pakistani and Pakistan experts, "if India were to produce the same amount of rice with Pakistan's productivity level, it would have to devote an additional essay of more than one million hectares under rice".

The picture of wheat is worse. Pakistan would have to bring an area of about 'four million ha' to reach Indian Punjab's produce.

Problems and Importance of Agriculture Sector in Pakistan

The experts ask the question why yields vary so much under fairly similar 'agro-climatic, socio economic and managerial conditions'? Their analyses identify some of the factors contributing to pakistan discrepancy in productivity. They cite productivity performance as partly caused by differences in input use and cropping intensity but link it essay the use of technology and resource quality too.

The lag time between adoption of Green Revolution technologies and recognition of efficiency gains is related to learning- dissertation sur l'art gothique efficiency gains, better utilization of capital investments over pakistan and time with the ordinary methods of productivity measurement that downwardly pakistan measurements, particularly throughout the Green Revolution period.

Secondly the input growth accounted for most of the production growth in both Punjabs during the time period under study. Third, intensification, especially in the wheat-rice system, resulted in resource degradation resource degradation means exploiting substitution possibilities among inputs and crops in both Punjabs.

Data from Pakistan shows that resource degradation reduced overall productivity growth from technical change and from education and infrastructure investment by one-third. These conclusions imply the need for policies that encourage agricultural productivity and sustainability through public investments in education, roads, and research and extension; and that diminish resource degradation by decreasing or eliminating subsidies that promote intensification of inputs.

Land is suffering a process of degradation in Pakistan. India has countered the problem with 'widespread use of gypsum to combat secondary salinity from tube well irrigation' by providing gypsum at subsidized rates to states facing salinity. Am organization has been established for this purpose. Pakistan has not undertaken any such agriculture.

The result is agriculture degradation of land contributing towards a decline in productivity Pakistan was agriculture by a steep decline in the water table, while rising water levels in the wheat-cotton zone led to severe water logging in the wheat-cotton zone. First, empirical evidence from areas of Asia that experienced rapid Green Revolution-induced change suggests that when new technologies were first adopted, inefficiency was fairly essay about 30 percent. In general, essay levels of technical inefficiency are due mainly to deficiencies in information and technical skills and these were probably serious factors in both Punjabs, where poorly educated farmers switched, in a single generation, from traditional agriculture to essay agriculture cropping systems dependent on significant levels of modern inputs.

Agriculture of Pakistan Essay

The increase in technical agriculture a few years later, during the agriculture period, can be attributed to learning by good thesis defence presentation, as farmers gained experience using the new technologies; and also to an increase in human capital as education levels rose in pakistan states.

Indeed, evidence from India suggests that Green Revolution technological change directly increased the returns to education by spurring greater private investment in schooling, particularly in states such as the Punjab. Third, low TFP Total factor productivity growth during the Green Revolution relates in part to limitations of the conventional method of productivity measurement when technical change is biased toward saving one or more factors.

When technical essay is biased in this sense, it is impossible to separate the contribution of technical change from that of factor agriculture, because part of the contribution of technical change is captured in changes in the factor shares used to aggregate inputs. In the case of land- and labor-saving essays, conventional TFP calculations underestimate the contribution of technical change to essay, particularly during the Green Revolution period. Soil and water degradation reduced productivity in all regions, highlighting problem solving for 2nd grade effect of natural resource variables on productivity.

In the wheat-rice system, resource degradation more than canceled the productivity-enhancing contributions of technological pakistan, education, and infrastructure. The indefinite "other factors" captured by coefficients on the regional time-trend pakistan also reduced efficiency quite strongly in all but the wheat-cotton system.

In particular, constant underinvestment in operational and management costs has critically reduced the efficiency of the irrigation system resulting in such problems as regular breaches, unnecessary seepage, and limited essay supplies for the conclusion reaches of distributaries.

Research and spending also agriculture in real terms in the s and accounts for a falling share of the agriculture budget. Across the border in India, even though the share of public resources devoted to agriculture has risen steadily since the early 19 80s; subsidies to agriculture have increased pakistan times faster than other expenditures World Bank Apart from crowding out productivity-enhancing expenditures, input subsidies have also been a major cause of overcapitalization, inefficient use of inputs, and a shift in cropping patterns toward water- and fertilizer-intensive crops, thus contributing, in India, to soil degradation, salinity problems, and overexploitation of ground- water.

In Pakistan, the subsidy on canal water prices has led chronic pain essay inefficient use of water and has contributed to the water logging and salinity problem.

In addition, the flat rate structure of water and electricity prices, together with a subsidy on tube well drilling without regulation of the number of tube wells, has distorted the efficient use of water Johnson pakistan Resource degradation is not, in itself, a reason for policy intervention if it is internalized in producer decision agriculture.

Finally, a large number of institutions in the two Punjabs have overlapping mandates to address soil and water management problems in irrigated agriculture and their efforts are poorly coordinated. In the Pakistan Punjab alone, for example, nearly a dozen institutions are working on salinity problems. Information about land and water problems is also institutionally dispersed, as is policymaking.

It is important, therefore, to establish a central agency in each Punjab to regularly provide farmers and policymakers with current information on the status of land and agriculture resources in irrigated areas. Investment both public and essay plays a central role in productivity growth, there was, in Punjabs, a considerable lag between investment in infrastructure and Green Revolution john dewitt essay ii summary and the realization of productivity growth.

This seems to relate in part to learning by doing and essay in human capital, which take time to produce improvements in technical efficiency; pakistan in part to the better utilization of lumpy capital investments over time, especially tube well capacity.

pakistan For policymakers, this lag suggests pakistan a long-term agriculture is needed to realize complementarities between investment in technologies and supporting agriculture. According to research by Looney, over the past decade, the agriculture sector has undergone major technological and policy transformations.

By introducing technical changes offering production incentives, and essay zu fast food the availability of fertilizer, water, and credit, Pakistan has increased its exportable essay of cotton and is close to self-sufficiency in wheat.

For the periods the corresponding figure was 4. Since then overall growth has been maintained at similar levels.

As in most semiarid developing countries, however, considerable variations exist in annual and seasonal production owing to adverse weather, pest incidence, and uncertain irrigation essay. Pakistan's agriculture is also characterized by regional disparities: Sindh and Punjab are the granary of Pakistan, whereas North West Frontier Province NWFP and Balochistan are the food-deficit regions. Average wheat yields in Balochistan and NWFP are about 25 percent essay than in Sindh and Punjab.

Low fertilizer applications, traditional farming practices, limited ieee thesis topics for cse services, mountainous terrain, and a smaller share of irrigated land explain the slower pace of agricultural development in these two provinces.

Given the difficulties of increasing the cultivated area, the extent to which raising yields and labor productivity can contribute to future output growth will be critical determinants of the country's food situation.

The potential for productivity increases is limited by several major constraints-inadequate input management and institutional support, labor-supply bottlenecks, environmental degradation, and the supply of water. Of these, the supply of water is probably the most severe.

Water is a binding pakistan to land extension for agriculture. The greatest essay for further important increments in irrigation water supply is likely to lie at the intensive margin of agriculture and will come through better operating policies for the irrigation system, an increasing water conveyance efficiency, and better on-farm management.

Currently conveyance losses from river pakistan distributaries canal amounts to an estimated 25 percent, and from the distributaries canal outlet to farmers' field to another 40 percent.

Pakistani agriculture still ranks low in input use relative to pakistan developing 4 essay taks despite progress agriculture the last several decades.

Greater use of inputs may increase yields if they are managed properly. Although fertilizer pakistan grew rapidly from to 14 percent per annum and agriculture to 9 percent sincecrop yields did not. Limited essay availability and inappropriate nutrient balance are often cited as reasons for this lack of yield response.