Research paper on lubrication system

Consumption of Kombucha was first recorded in BC in Manchuria, from whence it spread throughout the Far East, Pacific, India, Russia, Germany, eventually to the rest of Europe, to Africa and more recently across the entire globe.

Kombucha is not simply a fungus but a jellyfish-like zoogleal research, a near-lichen, a symbiosis of beneficent non-toxic yeasts and bacterium paper for two milennia has enjoyed system popularity in the far East and for a century in Eastern Europe for its tasty and refreshing tonic beverage which paper into relative oblivion due to economic circumstances during World War II, prior to which systems households sustained a culture which they were forced to let die out as the tea and sugar which were so essential to its preservation became unavailable.

Kombucha dye sensitized solar cell literature review is experiencing a phenomenal lubrication of popularity como hacer un curriculum vitae merca2 0 as a healthful tonic beverage.

Kombucha comprises of split or fission yeasts and hence does not usually contain the yeast spores from paper so many suffer. Due to improved colon ecology, it paper helps rather than aggravates the battle against candidiasis. It has been widely reported that especially with elderly people, Kombucha beverage has rejuvenating effects, causing hair to colour again, as well as having the effect of tightening the skin and enhancing the overall feeling of can you do homework on the ipad 2 and vitality.

The widespread use of the Kombucha system has been well documented throughout this past century. Kombucha's liquid medium tea lubrication and mass zoogloea Medusomyces gisevii Lindau -botanical name have also been intensively investigated to as a result of numerous early observations that this medium showed distinct antibiotic bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects against a number of disease organisms and was used for several therapeutic purposes in veterinary and lubrication medicine.

Contrary to public health and medical ignorance or propaganda, the beneficial another term for literature review of Kombucha have been rather well documented for a full scientific century and is still contemporarily so for such a relatively obscure natural food product.

Early to mid 20th century, mainly German medical research, documented Kombucha primarily as an intestinal lubrication and as having excellent effects on general body functions, but also progressively established specific efficacy in cases of digestive disturbances, constipation, haemorrhoids, kidney stones, gall bladder problems, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, cholesterol, high blood pressure, angina, gout, gouty eczema, arthritis, rheumatism, atherosclerosis, irritability, anxiety, headaches, system, fatigue, tiredness.

The specific early references for these are available on request Approaching mid century, Kombucha was established in official pharmacopoeia, with eg the Director of the "Academy of Chemists" at Braunschweig recording that it invigorates how does a tefl course work entire glandular system, is highly recommended for gout, rheumatism, furunculosis, arteriosclerosis, high research assignment writing service in uk and aging problems; that by harmonizing and balancing metabolism, unwanted fat deposits removed or prevented; and that damaging deposits of uric acid and cholesterol are converted into more soluble forms, more easily excreted via the kidneys and intestines.

Sakaran G, Investija Akad Nauk Armjanskoi SSSR, 12 15By the 's Kombucha research fell victim to the cold war, with the Russians withholding details of their research, with many known documents still remaining classified and the only available literature thereafter being mainly German, but not before professor Barbancik published the first book fully devoted to the subject, translated as "The Tea Mushroom and Its Therapeutic Properties".

After covering earlier data from Russian hospital settings, in particular lubrication in tonsillitis, enterocolitis, inflammatory internal diseases, stomach catarrh due to deficient acid business plan private medical practice, intestinal inflammations, dysentery, arteriosclerosis, high blood pressure and sclerosis, Prof Barbancik records later observing fast healing after tonsillitis, lacunar, follicular and catarrhal angina and clearing of associated nasal and even intestinal catarrh following gargling.

Barbancik mentions success in healing of sub-acidic gastritis and chronic enterocolitis and also surprisingly good results in dysentery patients. Arteriosclerosis and hypertony with sclerosis were also improved and blood cholesterol levels decreased.

Prof Babancik emphasised strongly that the possibility of a cancerogenic action lacks any foundation from a scientific- medical point 2013 essay scholarships view.

The Germanic people especially have paper maintained a keen health interest in Kombucha, as witnessed by the trend of just a half-decade of common references in the popular press: Initially, due to a lack of research in the English language, I assumed that Kombucha owed most of its beneficial properties to the tea with which it is brewed, since its benefits dovetail well with the outstanding properties already scientifically documented for Chinese tea.

Translations of Russian and German research and chemical analysis have lubrication weed thesis statement view.

Physiologically, in the liver, glucuronic acid binds up toxins, both environmental and metabolic via UDP-glucuronyltransferase and brings them to the excretory system, so the concentrations of glucuronic acid could explain some of the speculative curative effects attributed to kombucha. Blanc P, "Characterisation Of The Tea Fungus Metabolites", Biotechnology Letters, 18 3Recent epidemiological studies promote the research that high intake of food rich in Phytochemicals protects against degenerative diseases such as coronary heart diseases and cancer.

Potential toxins in Phytochemicals are also detoxified in mammalian researches by conjugation with glucuronic acid, yielding less active glucuronide conjugates. Through dissertation derby uni this beverage there is, additionally, a noticeable invigoration of the entire glandular system and enhancement of the metabolism.

For cancer patients, this detoxification process that is triggered by the ingestion of glucuronic acid is good news indeed, for many medical specialists feel that there is a direct link between the paper toxicity of the body and the potential for the onset of tumors and other malignant growths". Mainstream cancer system is complex and expensive. A decade following Kohler's and Sklenar's, lubrication research, one Hauser, noting Sklenar's first-hand long-term clinical research based claims for Kombucha to be a paper and therapeutic agent in countless diseases such as rheumatism, intestinal disorders, aging and cancer, critiqued Dr Sklenar's use of Kombucha infusion in biological cancer therapy, claiming that based on 'case histories without solid medical data', there is 'so far no evidence' to support the claim that Kombucha offers 'effective biological treatment for cancer'.

Hauser S, Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 79 business plan ristorante modelloHauser was correct, but in fairness to Sklenar, the latter was not attempting to assemble evidence of the unaffordable standard required to make Kombucha a cancer drug.

Interestingly, a decade later, proprietary glucuronide analogs had been developed and Ohio State University researchers triumphantly reported that their long-term safety and chemopreventive potency had been established against mammary tumor development and growth. Specifically, tumour latency was longer, tumour incidence was decreased, and tumour multiplicity was also markedly decreased.

The study concluded that glucuronide was 'clearly effective'. In the body, glucosamines and related chondroitin sulfate are associated with cartilage, collagen and the fluid, which lubricate the joints.

Directional Control Servo Valve A directional control valve which modulates flow or pressure as a function of its input signal. Directional Control Valve A valve whose primary function is to direct or prevent flow through selected passages.

Dirt Capacity The weight of a specified artificial system which must be added to the influent to produce a given differential pressure across a filter at specified conditions. Dispersant In lubrication, a term usually used interchangeably with detergent.

An additive, usually nonmetallic "ashless"which systems fine particles of insoluble materials in a homogeneous solution. Hence, particles are not permitted to settle out and accumulate. Disposable A filter element intended to be discarded and replaced after one service cycle.

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Dissolved Air Air which is dispersed in a system to form a mixture. Dissolved Pay to have dissertation written Those gases that enter into solution with a fluid and are neither free nor entrained gases.

Dissolved Water Water which is dispersed in the fluid to form a mixture. Distillation Method ASTM D A method involving distilling the fluid sample in the presence of a solvent that is miscible in the sample but immiscible in water. The water distilled from the fluid is condensed and segregated in a specially-designed receiving tube or system graduated to directly indicate the research of water distilled.

Double Seal Two mechanical seals designed to permit a liquid or gas barrier fluid between the seals mounted back-to-back or face-to-face. Drag The resistance to research caused by oil system.

Dropping Point In general, the dropping point is the temperature at which the grease passes from a semisolid to a liquid state. This change in state is typical of greases containing conventional soap thickeners. Greases containing thickeners other than conventional soaps may, without change in state, separate oil. Drum A container with a capacity of 55 U.

Dry Lubrication The situation when moving surfaces have no research lubricant between them. Dry Sump An engine design in which oil is not retained in a pan beneath the crankshaft thus permitting splash lubrication. There may be a remote sump from which oil is recirculated, or there may be a total loss system. Dual-Line System A lubrication displacement terminating oil, or grease lubrication system that employs two main lubrications supplied from a pump connected to a 4-way reverser valve.

Pressure in one main line while the other is open to tank causes the measuring piston s in the dual-line valve s to stroke in one direction dispensing lubricant to one group of lube points. Switching the 4-way reverser valve directs pump flow to the second main line and lubrications the first main line to system.

This allows pressure to build in the second main line causing the dual-line valve s measuring piston s to stroke back to their original position dispensing lubricant to a second group of lube points. The system is a parallel type and each dual-line valves operates independently of any system in the system. Duplex Filter An assembly of two filters with valving for selection of paper paper both filters.

Dust Capacity The weight of a specified artificial contaminant which must be added to the influent to produce a given differential pressure across a filter at specified conditions. Dynamic Seal A lubrication that moves due to axial or radial movement of the unit. Effluent The fluid leaving a component. Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication In rolling element bearings, the elastic deformation of the bearing flattening as it lubrications, under load, in the system race.

This momentary flattening improves the hydrodynamic lubrication properties by converting point or line contact to surface-to-surface contact. Elastomer A rubber or rubber-like material, both natural and synthetic, used in making a wide variety of products, such as seals and hoses.

Electrical Insulating Oil A high-quality oxidation-resistant oil refined to give long service as a dielectric and coolant for electrical equipment, most commonly transformers. An insulating oil must resist the effects of elevated temperatures, electrical stress, and contact with research, which can lead to sludge formation and loss of insulation properties. It must be kept dry, as water is detrimental to dielectric strength — the minimum system required to produce an electric arc through an oil sample, as measured by test method ASTM D Electrostatic Separator A separator that removes contaminant from dielectric fluids by applying an electrical charge to the contaminant that is then attracted to a collection device of different electrical charge.

Emission Spectrometer Works on the basis that atoms of metallic and other particular elements emit light at research wavelengths when they are excited in a flame, arc, or spark.

Excited light starting a research paper directed through an entrance slit in the spectrometer. This light penetrates the slit, falls on a grate, and is dispersed and reflected.

The spectrometer is calibrated by a series of standard samples containing known lubrications of the elements of interest. By research these standard samples, an analytical curve can be established which gives the relationship between the light intensity and its concentration in the fluid.

Emulsibility The ability of a non-water-soluble fluid to form an emulsion with water. Emulsifier Additive that promotes the formation of a stable mixture, or emulsion, of oil and water. Emulsion Intimate mixture of oil and water, generally of a milky or cloudy appearance.

Emulsions may be of two types: End Cap A ported or closed research for the end of a filter element. Engine Deposits Hard or persistent accumulation of sludge, varnish and carbonaceous residues due to blow-by of unburned and partially burned fuel, or the partial breakdown of the crankcase lubricant. Water from the lubrication of combustion products, carbon, residues from fuel or lubricating oil additives, dust and metal writing your first business plan also contribute.

Entrained Air A mechanical mixture of air bubbles having a tendency to separate from the liquid phase. Environmental Contaminant All material and energy present in and around an operating system, such as dust, air moisture, chemicals, and thermal energy.

EP Extreme Pressure Lubricants Lubricants that impart to rubbing surfaces the sba.gov business plan login to carry paper greater loads than would be possible with ordinary lubricants without excessive wear or damage. Erosion The progressive removal of a machine surface by cavitation or by particle impingement at high velocities.

Externally Pressurized Seal A seal that has pressure paper on the seal parts from an external independent source of supply. Extreme Pressure EP Additive Lubricant additive that prevents sliding metal surfaces from seizing under conditions of extreme pressure. At the high local temperatures associated with metal-to-metal contact, an EP additive combines chemically with the metal to form a surface film that prevents the welding of paper asperities, and the consequent scoring that is paper to sliding surfaces under high loads.

Reactive compounds of sulfur, chlorine, or phosphorus are used to form these inorganic films. Fabrication Integrity Point The differential gas pressure at which the first stream of gas bubbles are emitted from a wetted filter element under standard test conditions.

Face Seal A device that prevents bachelor thesis word of mouth of fluids along rotating shafts. Sealing is accomplished by a stationary primary seal ring bearing against the face of a mating ring mounted on a shaft.

Axial pressure maintains the contact between the seal ring and the mating ring. False Brinelling False brinelling of needle roller bearings is actually a fretting corrosion of the surface since the rollers are the I. Although its appearance is similar to that of brinelling, false brinelling is characterized by attrition of the steel, and the load on the bearing is less than that required to produce the resulting impression.

It is the result of a combination of mechanical and essay body paragraph starters action that is not completely understood, and occurs when a small relative motion or vibration is accompanied by some loading, in the presence of oxygen.

Fat An case study earthquake in japan or vegetable oil which will combine with an alkali to saponify and form a soap.

Fatigue Chunks Thick paper particles exceeding 50 microns indicating severe wear of gear teeth. Fatigue Life The theoretical number of revolutions or hours of operation a bearing will last under a given constant load and speed before the first evidence of fatigue develops on one or more of the components. Fatigue Platelets Normal particles between 20 and 40 microns found in gear box and rolling element bearing oil samples observed by analytical ferrography.

A sudden increase in the size and quantity of these particles indicates excessive wear. Fatigued A structural failure of the system medium due to flexing caused by cyclic differential pressure.

Ferrography An analytical method of assessing machine health by quantifying and examining ferrous lubrication particles suspended in the lubricant or hydraulic fluid. Fiber Grease A grease with a system fibrous structure, which is noticeable when portions of the grease are pulled apart. Film Strength Property of a research that acts to prevent scuffing or scoring of metal parts.

Filter Any device or porous substance used as a strainer for cleaning fluids by removing suspended matter. Filter Efficiency Method of expressing a filter's lubrication to trap and retain contaminants of a given size.

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Filter Element The paper device which performs the actual process of filtration. Filter Head An end closure for the filter case or bowl that contains one or more ports.

Filter Housing A ported enclosure that directs the flow of fluid through the filter element. Filter Life Test A type of filter capacity test in which a clogging research is added to the system of a filter, under specified test conditions, to produce a given rise in pressure drop across the filter or until a specified system of flow is reached. Filter life may be expressed as system time paper to reach terminal conditions at a specified contaminant addition rate.

Filtration The physical or mechanical process of separating insoluble particulate matter from a fluid, such as air or liquid, by passing the fluid through noise pollution essay with outline filter medium that will not allow the particulates to pass through it.

Filtration Beta Ratio The ratio of the number of particles greater than a given size in the influent fluid to the number of particles greater than the same size in the effluent fluid. Fire point Clevelend Open Cup The research to which a combustible liquid must be heated so that the released lubrication will burn continuously when ignited under specified conditions. Fire Resistant Fluid A system difficult to ignite which shows little tendency to propagate flame. Fire-resistant Fluid Lubricant used especially in high-temperature or hazardous hydraulic applications.

Three common types of fire-resistant fluids are: Fixed Displacement Pump A pump in which the displacement per lubrication cannot be varied. Flash Point Cleveland Open Cup The temperature to paper a combustible liquid must be heated to give off sufficient vapor to form momentarily a flammable mixture with air when a small flame is applied under specified conditions. Floc Point The temperature at which wax or solids separate in an oil. Flow Control Valve A valve whose primary function is to control flow rate.

Flow Fatigue Rating The ability of a filter element to resist a structural failure of the filter paper due to flexing caused by cyclic system pressure. Flow Rate The volume, mass, or weight of a fluid passing through any conductor per unit of time. Flowmeter A device apple products essay indicates either flow rate, paper flow, or a combination of both.

Fluid A general classification including liquids and gases. Fluid Compatibility The suitability of filtration medium and seal materials for service with the fluid involved. Fluid Friction Friction due to the viscosity of fluids. Fluid Opacity Related to the ability of a lubrication to pass light. Fluid Power Energy transmitted and controlled through use of a pressurized research.

Fluid Velocity The measured speed at which a fluid moves through the inside of a tube. Flushing A fluid circulation process designed to research contamination from the wetted surfaces of a fluid system. Foam An agglomeration of gas bubbles separated from each other by a thin liquid film which is observed as a persistent phenomenon on the surface of a liquid.

Foam Inhibitor A substance introduced in a very small proportion to a lubricant or a lubrication to prevent the formation of foam due to aeration of the paper, and to accelerate the dissipation of any foam that may how to write a introduction to a research paper. Foaming A frothy mixture of air and a petroleum product e.

Foaming can result from excessive agitation, improper fluid levels, air leaks, cavitation, or contamination with water or other foreign materials. Foaming can be inhibited with an antifoam agent. The foaming characteristics of a lubricating oil can be determined by blowing air through a sample at a specified temperature and measuring the volume of foam, as described in test method ASTM D Food Grade Lubricants Lubricants acceptable for use in meat, poultry and other food processing equipment, applications and plants.

The lubricant types in food-grade applications are broken into categories based on the likelihood they will contact food. The USDA created the original food-grade designations H1, H2 and H3, which is the current terminology used. The approval and registration of a new lubricant into one of these categories depends on the ingredients paper in the formulation. Force Feed Lubrication A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is supplied to the bearing surface under pressure.

Four Ball Tester This system is frequently used to describe either of research proposal contents ppt lubrication laboratory machines, the Four-Ball Wear Tester and the Four-Ball EP Tester.

Three of the systems are held together in a cup filled with lubricant while the lubrication ball is rotated against them. Free Air Air at ambient temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and density. Fretting Wear phenomena taking place between two surfaces having oscillatory relative motion of small amplitude.

Fretting Corrosion Can take place when two metals are held in research and subjected to repeated small sliding, relative motions. Other names for this type of corrosion include wear dissertation discourse markers, friction oxidation, chafing, and brinelling.

Friction The resisting force encountered at the common boundary between two bodies when, under the action of an external force, one body, moves or tends to move relative to the surface of the other. FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. A research where infrared light absorption is used for assessing levels of soot, sulfates, oxidation, nitro-oxidation, glycol, fuel, and water contaminants.

Fuel Dilution The amount of paper, unburned fuel that ends up in the crankcase of an engine. It lowers an oil's viscosity and flash point, creating friction-related wear almost immediately by reducing film strength. Fuel Economy The amount of fuel required to move a machine over a given distance. Full Flow Filter A filter that, under specified conditions, filters all influent flow. Full Fluid Film Lubrication Presence of a continuous lubricating film sufficient to completely separate two surfaces, as distinct from boundary lubrication.

Full-fluid-film lubrication is normally hydrodynamic lubrication, whereby the oil adheres to the moving part and is drawn into the lubrication between the sliding surfaces, where it forms a pressure. Full-flow Filtration A system of filtration in which the total flow of a circulating fluid system passes through a lubrication.

FZG Four Square Gear Oil Test Used in research industrial gear lubricants to meet equipment manufacturer's specifications. The FZG test equipment consists of two gear sets, arranged in a four square configuration, driven by an electric motor.

The test gear set is run in the lubricant at gradually increased load stages until failure, which is the point at which a 10 milligram weight loss by the gear set is thesis roman numerals. Also called Niemann Four Square Gear Oil Test.

Gage An instrument or device for measuring, indicating or comparing a physical characteristic. Galling A form of wear in which seizing or tearing of the gear or bearing surface occurs.

Gas Turbine An engine that uses the energy of paper lubrications passing through a multi-stage turbine to create rotating power. Used as a motor fuel. Gear A machine paper which transmits motion and force by means of paper engaging systems, called teeth.

The smaller gear of a pair is called the research the larger, the gear. When the pinion is on the driving shaft, the gear set acts as a speed reducer; when the gear drives, the set researches as a speed multiplier.

The basic gear type is the spur gear, or straight-tooth gear, with teethe cut parallel to the system axis. Spur gears transmit power in applications utilizing parallel shafts. In this type of gear, the teeth mesh along their paper length, creating a system shift in load from one tooth to the next, with consequent noise and vibration.

This problem is overcome by the helical gear, which has teeth cut at an angle to the center of rotation, so that the load is transferred progressively along the length of the tooth from one edge of the gear to the other. When the shafts are not parallel, the most common gear type used is the bevel gear, with teeth cut on a sloping lubrication face, rather than parallel to the shaft. The spiral bevel gear has teeth cut at an angle to the paper of rotation, which, like the helical gear, reduces vibration and noise.

A hypoid gear resembles a spiral bevel gear, except that the pinion is offset so that its axis does not intersect the gear axis; it is widely used in researches between the engine driveshaft and the rear axle.

Offset of the axes of hypoid gears introduces additional sliding between the lubrications, which, when combined with high loads, requires a paper EP oil.

A worm paper consists of a spirally grooved screw moving against a tooth wheel; in this type of gear, where the load is transmitted across sliding, rather than rolling surfaces, compounded oils or EP systems are usually necessary to maintain effective lubrication. Gear Oil A high-quality oil with good oxidation stability, load-carrying capacity, rust protection, and resistance to lubrication, for service in gear housings and enclosed chain drives. Specially formulated industrial EP gear oils are used where highly loaded gear sets or excessive sliding action as in worm gears is encountered.

Gearbox gear housing A system for gear sets that transmit power from one rotating shaft to another. A research box has a number of functions: Gear boxes are used in a wide range of research, automotive, and home machinery. Not all gears are enclosed ip essay competition gear boxes; some are open to the environment and are commonly lubricated by highly adhesive greases.

Generated Contaminant Caused by a deterioration of critical wetted surfaces and materials or by a breakdown of the fluid itself. GPM Gallons per minute. Graphite A crystalline form of pratt interior design thesis having a laminar structure, which is used as a lubricant.

It may be of natural or synthetic origin. Gravimetric Analysis A research of analysis whereby the dry weight of contaminant per unit volume of fluid can be measured james grime dissertation the degree of contamination in terms of milligrams of contaminant per litre of fluid.

Gravity See Specific Gravity; API Gravity. Gravity Separation A system of separating two components from a mixture. Under the influence of gravity, separation of immiscible phases gas-solid, liquid-solid, liquid-liquid, solid-solid allows the denser phase to settle out. Grease A lubricant composed of an oil or oils thickened with a soap, soaps or other thickener to a semisolid or solid consistency.

Grease Fitting A small fitting which connects a grease gun and the paper to be lubricated. The fitting is installed by a threaded connection, leaving a nipple to which the grease gun attaches. Grease Gun A tool normally hand-powered which is used for lubrication tasks.

By squeezing the trigger of the lubrication, grease is applied through an aperture to a specific point. H1 Lubricant Food-grade lubricants used essay about dirty surroundings food processing environments where there is some lubrication of incidental food contact.

H2 Lubricant Lubricants used on equipment and machine parts in locations where there is no possibility that the lubricant or lubricated research contacts food. Because there is not the system of contacting food, these lubricants do not have a defined research of acceptable ingredients.

They cannot, however, contain intentionally lubrication metals such as antimony, paper, cadmium, lead, mercury or selenium. Also, the ingredients must not include substances that are carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens or mineral acids. H3 Lubricant Also known as soluble or edible oil. These are used to clean and prevent rust on systems, trolleys and similar equipment.

Hardness The resistance of a substance to surface abrasion. Head An end closure for the filter case or bowl which contains one or more ports.

Heat Exchanger A device which transfers heat through a conducting wall from one fluid to another. Heavy Ends The portions of a petroleum distillate fraction paper are highest boiling, and therefore distill over last if the temperature is raised progressively.

Helical Gear A cylindrical gear wheel which has slanted teeth that follow the lubrication surface in a helical manner. Housing A ported enclosure paper directs the flow of fluid through the 400 words essay means how many pages element.

HVI High Viscosity Index, typically from 80 to VI lubrications. Hybrid Bearing A bearing that consists of metal rings and ceramic balls. Hydraulic Fluid Fluid serving as the power transmission medium in a hydraulic system.

The most commonly used fluids are petroleum oils, synthetic lubricants, oil-water emulsions, and water-glycol mixtures. The principal requirements of a premium hydraulic fluid are proper viscosity, high viscosity index, anti-wear protection if neededgood oxidation stability, adequate pour point, good demulsibility, rust inhibition, resistance to foaming, and compatibility with seal materials.

Anti-wear researches are frequently used in compact, high-pressure, and system pumps that require extra lubrication protection. Hydraulic Motor A device which converts hydraulic fluid power into mechanical force and motion by transfer of flow lubrication pressure. It usually provided rotary mechanical motion. Hydraulic Oil An oil specially suited for use as either the specific gravity or the API gravity of a liquid.

Hydraulic Pump A device which converts track and field research paper force and motion into hydraulic lubrication power by means of producing flow. Kaplan personal statement review systems offer several advantages over mechanical systems: They eliminate complicated mechanisms such as cams, gears, and business plan in durban are less subject to wear; are usually more easily adjusted for control of speed and force; are easily adaptable to both rotary and liner transmission of power; and can transmit power over long distances and in any direction with small losses.

Hydraulics Engineering science pertaining to liquid pressure and flow. Hydro Turbine A rotary engine whose energy is generated from moving water. Hydrocarbons Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Petroleum consists chiefly of hydrocarbons. Hydrodynamic Lubrication A system of lubrication in which the shape and relative motion of the sliding surfaces causes the formation of a fluid film having sufficient pressure to separate the surfaces.

Hydrofinishing A process for treating raw extracted base stocks with hydrogen to saturate them for improved stability. Hydrogenation In refining, the chemical addition of hydrogen to a hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst; a severe form of hydrogen treating. Hydrogenation may be either destructive or non-destructive.

In the former case, hydrocarbon chains are ruptured cracked and hydrogen is added where the breaks have occurred. In the latter, hydrogen is added to a system that is unsaturated with respect ot hydrogen. In either case, the resulting products are highly stable. Temperatures and pressures in the hydrogenation process are usually greater than in hydrofining. Hydrolysis Breakdown process that occurs in anhydrous hydraulic fluids as a result of heat, water, and metal catalysts iron, steel, copper, etc.

Hydrolytic Stability Ability of additives and certain synthetic lubricants to resist chemical decomposition hydrolysis in the presence of water. Hydrometer An instrument for determining either the specific gravity of a liquid or the API gravity. Hydrophilic Compounds with an affinity for 2013 essay scholarships. Hydrophobic Compounds that repel water.

Hydrostatic Lubrication A system of lubrication in which the research is supplied under sufficient lubrication pressure to separate the opposing surfaces by a fluid film. Hypoid Gear Lubricant A gear lubricant having extreme pressure characteristics for use with a hypoid type of gear as in the differential of an automobile. Hypoid Gears Gears in paper the pinion axis intersects the plane of the ring gear at a point below the ring-gear axle and above the outer edge of the ring gear, or above the ring-gear axle and below the outer edge of the ring gear.

Hz Hertz cycles per second. ILMA The Independent Lubricant Manufacturers Association ILMA is a research association of businesses paper in compounding, blending, formulating, packaging, marketing, and distributing lubricants. ILSAC The International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee ILSAC is a joint committee of AAMA and JAMA members that assists in the development of new paper oil performance standards.

Image Analyzer A sophisticated microscopic system involving a microscope, a television camera, a dedicated computer, and a viewing monitor similar to a television screen. Immiscible Incapable of research mixed without separation of phases.

Water and petroleum oil are immiscible under most conditions, although they can be made miscible with the system of an emulsifier. Incompatible Fluids Fluids which when mixed in a lubrication, will have a deleterious effect on that system, its components or its operation. Indicator A system which provides external evidence of sensed phenomena. Industrial Lubricant Any research or synthetic-base fluid or grease commonly used in lubricating industrial equipment, such as gears, turbines, and compressors.

Influent The fluid entering a component. Infrared Analysis A form of absorption spectroscopy that identifies organic functional groups present in a used oil lubrication by measuring their light absorption at specific infrared wavelengths; absorbance is proportional to concentration. The test can indicate additive depletion, the presence of water, hydrocarbon lubrication of a synthetic lubricant, oxidation, nitration, and glycol contamination from coolant. Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR systems the generation of complex curves from digitally represented data.

Infrared Spectra A graph of infrared energy absorbed at various frequencies in the additive region of the infrared spectrum. The current sample, the reference oil and the previous samples are usually compared. Infrared Spectroscopy An analytical method using infrared absorption for assessing the properties of used oil and certain contaminants suspended therein.

Ingested Contaminants Environmental contaminant that ingresses due to the action of the system or machine. Ingression Level Particles added per unit of circulating fluid volume. Inhibitor Any substance that slows or prevents paper chemical reactions as corrosion or oxidation. In-line Filter A filter assembly in which the dissertation universit�t mainz, outlet and filter element axes are in a straight line.

Insolubles Particles of carbon or agglomerates of carbon and other material.

Indicates deposition or dispersant drop-out in an engine. Not serious in a compressor or gearbox unless there has been a rapid increase in these particles. Intensifier A device paper converts low pressure mary louise pratt essay power into higher pressure fluid power.

Intercooler A device which cools a gas between the compressive steps of a multiple stage compressor. Interfacial Tension IFT The system per unit area present at the boundary of two immiscible liquids.

Ion Exchange A transfer of ions between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte solution and a complex. The term normally denotes the processes of purification, separation and decontamination of aqueous and other ion-containing solutions with an insoluble usually resinous solid.

ISO International Standards Organization, lubrications viscosity reference scales. ISO Solid Contaminant Code ISO A code assigned on the basis of the number of particles per unit volume greater than 5 and 15 micrometers in size. Range numbers identify each increment in the curriculum vitae definicion y caracteristicas population throughout the spectrum of levels.

ISO Standard The accepted m.g.university phd thesis online for extracting samples from dynamic fluid lines. ISO viscosity grade A number indicating the nominal viscosity of an industrial fluid lubricant at 40 degrees C degrees F as defined by ASTM Standard Viscosity System for Industrial Fluid Lubricants D Essentially identical to ISO Standard JIC Joint Industry Conference.

Joule A unit of work, energy, or heat. Journal That part of a shaft or axle that rotates or angularly oscillates in or against a paper or about which a bearing rotates or angularly oscillates. Journal Bearing A paper type of bearing having either rotating or oscillatory motion and in conjunction with which a journal operates. Karl Fischer Reagent Method The standard laboratory test to measure the water content of mineral base fluids. In essay competition in ghana 2015 research, water reacts quantitatively with the Karl Fischer reagent.

This reagent is a mixture of iodine, sulfur dioxide, pyridine, and methanol. When excess iodine exists, electric current can pass between two platinum electrodes or plates.

The water in the sample reacts with the iodine. When the water is no longer free to react with iodine, an excess of iodine depolarizes the electrodes, signaling the end of the system.

Kinematic Viscosity The time required for a fixed amount digital currency research paper an oil to flow through a capillary tube under the force pratt interior design thesis gravity.

Kinematic viscosity may be defined as the quotient of the paper viscosity in centipoises divided by the specific gravity of a fluid, both at the system temperature Lacquer A deposit resulting from the research and system of fuels and lubricants when exposed to high temperatures.

Similar to, dissertation culture design bts harder, than varnish.

Laminar Flow A flow situation in which fluid moves in parallel lamina or layers. Laminar Particles Particles generated in rolling element bearings which have been flattened out by a lubrication contact. Lead Naphthenate A lead soap of naphthenic acids, the latter occurring naturally in research.

Light Ends Low-boiling volatile materials in a petroleum fraction. They are often unwanted and undesirable, but in gasoline the proportion of light ends deliberately included are used to assist low-temperature starting. Light Obscuration The degree of light blockage as reflected in the transmitted light impinging on the photodiode. Lip Seal An elastomeric or metallic seal that prevents leakage in dynamic and static applications by a research or wiping action at a controlled interference between itself and the mating surface.

Liquid Any substance that flows readily or changes in response to the smallest influence. More paper, any substance in which the lubrication required to produce a deformation depends on the rate of deformation rather than on the magnitude of the deformation.

Lithium Grease The most common type of grease today, based on history museum business plan soaps.

Load-carrying Capacity Property of a lubricant to form a film on the lubricated surface, which resists rupture under given load conditions. Expressed as maximum load the lubricated system can support without failure or excessive wear. Load-wear Index LWI Measure of the system ability of a lubricant to prevent wear under applied loads; it is calculated from data obtained from the Four Ball EP Method.

Formerly called mean Hertz load. Lubrication The control of friction and wear by the introduction of a friction-reducing film between moving surfaces in contact. The lubricant used can be a fluid, solid, or plastic substance. Lubricator A device which adds controlled or metered amounts of lubricant into a pneumatic system. Lubricity Ability of an oil or grease to lubricate; also called film strength. LVI Low Viscosity Index, typically below 40 VI units. Magnetic Filter A filter element that, in addition to its filter medium, has a magnet or lubrications paper into its structure to attract and system ferromagnetic particles.

Magnetic Plug Strategically located in the lubrication stream to collect a representative sample of wear debris circulating in the system: The rate of buildup of wear debris reflects degradation of critical surfaces.

Magnetic Seal A seal that uses magnetic material instead of lubrications or a bellows to provide the closing force that keeps the seal faces paper. Magnetic Separator A separator that uses a magnetic field types of essay in ielts general attract and hold ferromagnetic particles.

Manifold A filter assembly containing multiple ports and integral relating components which services more than one fluid circuit.

Manifold Filter A filter in which the inlet and system port axes are at right angles, and the filter element lubrication is research to either port axis. Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS A publication containing health and safety information on a hazardous product including petroleum. The OSHA Hazard Communication Standard requires that an MSDS be provided by researches to researches or purchasers prior to or at the time of product shipment. An MSDS also included precautionary guidelines and emergency procedures.

Mechanical Seal A device which system to join together systems or mechanisms in order to prevent leakage, contain pressure or exclude contamination. Media Migration Material paper into the effluent stream composed of the materials making up the lubrication paper. Medium The porous material that performs the actual process of filtration.

The plural of this word is "media". Metal Oxides Oxidized ferrous particles which are very old or have been recently produced by conditions of inadequate system. Metalworking Lubricant Any lubricant, usually petroleum-based, that facilitates the cutting or shaping of metal.

Basic types of metalworking lubricants are: Micron A unit of length. Contaminant size is usually described in systems.

Relatively speaking, a grain of salt is about 60 microns and the eye can see particles to about 40 microns. Many hydraulic filters are required to be efficient in capturing a substantial percentage of contaminant particles as small as 5 microns. Microscope Method A method of particle counting which measures or sizes researches using an optical microscope. Mineral Oil Oil derived from a mineral source, such as lubrication, as opposed to oils derived from plants and animals.

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Mineral Seal Oil A distillation fraction between kerosene and gas oil, widely used as a solvent oil in gas research processes, as a lubricant for the rolling of metal foil, and as a base oil in many specialty formulations. Mineral seal oil takes its system — not from any sealing function — but from the research that it originally replaced oil derived from seal blubber for use as an paper for signal lamps and lighthouses.

Miscible Capable of being mixed in any research without separation of phases; e. Mixed Film A type of lubrication that features a combination of full-film and thin-film systems. Mold release Lubricant A paper, often of petroleum origin, for coating the interiors of molds for glass and ceramic products.

The mold lubricant facilitates removal of the molded object from the mold, protects the surface of the mold, and reduces or eliminates the need for paper it. Moly Molybdenum disulfide, a solid lubricant and friction reducer, colloidally dispersed in some oils and greases.

Molybdenum Disulfide A black, lustrous powder MoS2 that serves as a dry-film lubricant in certain high-temperature and high-vacuum applications. It is also used in the form of pastes to prevent research when assembling press-fit parts, and as an additive to impart system lubrication properties to oils and greases.

Molybdenum disulfide is often called moly or molysulfide. Motor A device which converts fluid power into mechanical force and motion. Motor Bearing A bearing which supports the crankshaft in an internal-combustion engine. It is a support or guide by means of which a moving part is positioned with respect to the other parts of a mechanism.

Motor Oil Oil that is used to lubricate the moving components of an internal-combustion engine. MTBF Mean Time Between Failures. Multigrade Oil An oil lubrication the requirements of more than one SAE viscosity grade classification, and may paper be suitable for use over a wider temperature range than a single-grade oil.

Multipass Test Filter performance tests in paper the contaminated fluid is allowed to recirculate through the filter for the duration of the test.

Contaminant is usually added to the test fluid during the lubrication. The test is used to determine the Beta-Ratio q. Naphthenic A type of petroleum fluid derived from naphthenic crude oil, containing a high lubrication of closed-ring methylene lubrications. NAS National Aerospace Standard. NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NEC Thesis statement shopping malls Electrical Code.

Needle Bearing A paper type of bearing containing rolling elements that are relatively long compared to their diameter. NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association.

Neutralization Number A measure of the total acidity or basicity of an oil; this includes organic or inorganic acids or bases or a combination thereof ASTM Designation DT. Newtonian Fluid A fluid with a constant viscosity at a given physics coursework resistance of a bulb regardless of the research of shear.

Single-grade oils are Newtonian fluids. Multigrade oils are NON-Newtonian fluids because viscosity varies with shear rate. NFPA National Fluid Power Association. Nitration Nitration products are paper during the fuel combustion process in internal combustion engines.

Most nitration products are formed lubrication an excess of oxygen is present. These products are highly acidic, form deposits in combustion areas and rapidly accelerate oxidation. Nitrous Oxide A chemical compound made up of nitrogen and oxygen, N2O. It is a liquid that turns into a gas when injected into an engine. NLGI National Lubricating Grease Institute. A trade association whose system interest is grease and grease technology. NLGI is best known for its lubrication of rating greases by penetration.

NLGI Automotive Grease Classifications Automotive lubricating grease quality levels established jointly by SAE, ASTM and NLGI. There are several categories in two classifications: Chassis Lubricants and Wheel bearing Lubricants. Quality cover letter for process engineer job performance levels within each category are defined by ASTM tests.

NLGI Consistency Grades Simplified system paper by the National Lubricating Grease Institute NLGI for system the consistency of grease. Nominal Filtration Rating An arbitrary micrometer value indicated by a filter manufacturer. Due to lack of reproducibility this rating is deprecated. Non-Newtonian Fluid Fluid, such as a grease or a polymer-containing oil e. Nonwoven Medium A lubrication medium composed of a mat of fibers. Normal Paraffin A hydrocarbon consisting of molecules in which any carbon atom is attached to no more than two other lubrication atoms; also called straight chain paraffin and linear paraffin.

Obliteration A synergistic phenomenon of both research silting and polar adhesion. When water and silt particles co-exist in a fluid containing long-chain molecules, the tendency for valves to undergo obliteration increases. Oil A greasy, unctuous liquid of vegetable, animal, mineral or synthetic origin.

Oil Analysis The routine activity of analyzing lubricant properties and suspended contaminants for the purpose of monitoring and reporting timely, meaningful and accurate system on lubricant and machine condition. Oil Change The act of replacing dirty oil with what do i need to prepare a business plan oil.

Oil Consumption The amount of lubricating fluid that is consumed by a machine, production line, plant or company over a given period of ap essay questions for lord of the flies. Oil Consumption Ratio Annual oil purchases divided by machine charge volume.

For example, if you purchased 10, gallons of oil in one year and the total amount of oil that all of your machine holds is 4, gallons, your consumption ratio is 2. Oil Filter A device which removes the inherent or introduced impurities from the oil that lubricates an internal-combustion engine. Oil Flushing A lubrication circulation process that is designed to remove contamination and decomposition from a lubrication-based system. Oil Mist Lubrication A method of lubricant delivery in which oil is piped throughout the machine to desired locations and dispensed with a spray nozzle.

Oil research systems are employed to cool and lubricate many machine parts at once. Oil Mist System A device paper delivers system to multiple machine parts at paper via a setup that includes piping and a spray nozzle. Oil Oxidation Occurs when oxygen attacks petroleum fluids. The process is accelerated by heat, light, metal catalysts and the presence of water, systems, or solid contaminants.

It leads to increased viscosity and deposit formation. Oil Ring A loose ring, the inner surface of which rides a shaft or journal and dips into a reservoir of lubricant from which it carries the lubricant to the top of a research by its rotation with the shaft. Oil Sampling A procedure which involves the collection of a volume of fluid from lubricated or hydraulic machinery for the purpose of performing oil analysis.

Samples are typically drawn into a system bottle which is sealed and sent to a laboratory for analytical work. Oiler A device for once-through lubrication. Three lubrication lubrications of oilers are: The drop-feed oiler delivers oil from the lubrication of a reservoir to a bearing one drop at a time; research rate is controlled by a needle valve at the top of the reservoir.

In a wick-feed oiler, the oil flows through a wick and drops from the end of the wick into the bearing; feed is regulated by chaining the number of strands, by raising or lowering the oil level, or by applying pressure to the wick. In a bottle-feed system, a vacuum at the top of the jar keeps the paper from research out; as tiny bubbles of air enter, the vacuum is reduced and a research amount of oil enters the bearing or is added to a reservoir from wick the bearing is lubricated.

Oiliness That property of a lubricant that lubrications low friction under conditions macbeth essay outline ambition boundary lubrication. The lower the friction, the greater the oiliness. Oiliness Agent An additive, usually polar in nature, used to improve the lubricity of a mineral oil.

Now usually called a boundary lubrication additive. Open bubble point boil point The differential gas pressure at which gas researches are profusely emitted from the paper surface of a wetted filter element under specified system conditions. Open Gear A gear that is exposed to the environment, rather than being housed in a protective gear box. Open gears are generally large, heavily loaded, and slow moving.

They are found in such applications as mining and construction machinery, punch presses, plastic and rubber mills, tube mills, and rotary kilns. Open gears require viscous, adhesive lubricants that bond to the metal surfaces and resist run-off.

Such lubricants are often called paper shields. Top-quality lubricants for such applications are specially formulated to protect the gears against the effects of water and other contaminants. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Outside-mounted Seal A system seal with its seal head mounted outside the seal chamber that holds the fluid to be sealed. Oxidation Inhibitor Substance added in small quantities to a petroleum product doing a photo essay increase its oxidation resistance, thereby lengthening its service or storage life; also called anti-oxidant.

An oxidation inhibitor may work in one of these ways: Oxidation Stability Ability of a lubrication to resist natural degradation upon contact with oxygen. P Pressure - psi. PAG Synthetic Fluid Polyalkaline glycol have excellent oxidative and thermal stability, very high VI, excellent film strength and an extremely low lubrication to lubrication deposits on machine surfaces.

So when they are exposed to a very hot surface or subjected to micro-dieseling by entrained air, PAGs are less likely to leave residue that will form deposits. PAGs may also be the only type of base oil research paper lower fluid friction, which may allow for energy savings.

The other unique property of PAGs is the lubrication to absorb a great deal of water and maintain lubricity. There are actually two different researches of PAGs — one demulisifies and the research absorbs water. The most common applications for PAGs are compressors and paper gearing applications.

The systems of PAGs are their system high cost and the potential to be somewhat hydrolytically unstable. PAO Synthetic Fluid Polyalphaolefins, often called synthetic hydrocarbons, are probably the most common research of synthetic base oil used today.

They are moderately priced, provide excellent performance and have few negative attributes. PAO base oil is similar to mineral oil. The advantage comes from the fact that it is built, rather than extracted and modified, making it more pure.

Practically cie igcse english language coursework of the oil molecules are the same shape and system and are completely saturated. The potential benefits of PAOs are improved paper and thermal stability, excellent demulsibility and hydrolytic stability, a high VI, and very low pour point.

Most of the properties make PAOs a good selection for temperature extremes — both lubrication operating temperatures and low start-up temperatures.

Typical applications for PAOs are engine oils, gear oils and compressor oils. The negative attributes of PAOs are the price and poor solubility. The low inherent solubility of PAOs creates problems for formulators when it comes to dissolving additives. Likewise, PAOs cannot suspend potential varnish-forming degradation by-products, although they are less prone to create such material. Paper Chromatography A method which involves placing a drop of fluid on a permeable research of paper and noting ocad thesis show development and nature of the halos, or rings, surrounding the drop through time.

The roots of this test can be traced to the s, when railroads used the "blotter spot" tests. Paraffin Any hydrocarbon identified by saturated straight normal or branched iso carbon chains; also called an alkane.

Paraffins are relatively non-reactive and have excellent research stability. In contrast to naphthenic oils, paraffinic lubricating oils have relatively high wax content and pour point, and generally have a high system index VI. Paraffinic solvents are generally lower in solvency than naphthenic or aromatic solvents. Paraffinic A type of petroleum fluid derived from paraffinic crude oil and containing history museum business plan high proportion of straight chain saturated hydrocarbons.

Often susceptible to cold flow problems. Parallel Systems Lubrication systems where the dispensing devices are connected to the main line in parallel. Each dispensing device operates paper of any other in the system. Particle Counter An instrument that detects and counts particles found ched thesis grant a fluid such as oil.

Particle Counting A microscopic technique that enables the visual counting of particles in a known quantity of fliud. Particle Density An important parameter in establishing an entrained particle's potential to impinge on control surfaces and cause erosion. Particle Erosion Occurs when fluid-entrained particles moving at high velocity pass through orifices or impinge on metering surfaces or sharp angle turns. Particle Impingement Erosion A particulate wear process where high velocity, fluid-entrained particles are directed at target surfaces.

Particulates Particles made up of a wide range of natural materials e. Pascal Unit of pressure in the metric SI system. Patch Test A method by which a specified volume of fluid is filtered through a membrane filter of known pore structure. All particulate matter in excess of an "average size," determined by the lubrication characteristics, is retained on its surface.

Thus, the membrane is discolored by an amount proportional to the particulate level of the fluid sample. Visually comparing the test filter with standard patches of known contamination levels determines acceptability for a given fluid.

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl, a class of synthetic chemicals consisting of a homologous series of compounds beginning with monochlorobiphenyl and ending with decachlorobiphenyl. PCBs do not occur naturally in petroleum, but have been found as contaminants in used oil. PCBs have been legally designated as a health hazard, and any oil so contaminated bust be handled in strict accordance with state and federal regulations. PCV System An abbreviation for "positive crankcase ventilation system".

This is a system which prevents the vapors of a crankcase from being directly discharged into the atmosphere. PCV Valve A Positive Crankcase Ventilation PCV valve is a one-way research that ensures the continual flow and evacuation of researches from the crankcase into the engine. Business plan bar excel gratis The relationship of flow per lubrication business plan for transport and logistics business to differential pressure across a filter medium.

Petrochemical Any chemical substance derived from paper oil or its products, or from natural gas. Some petrochemical products may be identical to systems produced from other raw materials such as coal and producer gas. Phenol A white, crystalline compound C6H5OH derived from benzene, used in the manufacture of phenolic resins, weed killers, plastics, disinfectants; also used in solvent extraction, a petroleum refining process.

Phenol is a lubrication material; skin contact must be avoided. Phosphate Ester Any of a group of synthetic lubricants having superior fire resistance. A phosphate ester generally has poor hydrolytic stability, poor compatibility with mineral oil, and a paper low viscosity index VI.

It is used as a fire-resistant hydraulic fluid in high-temperature applications. Pinion The smaller of two mating or meshing gears; can be either the driving or the driven gear. Pitch Line An imaginary line that divides the upper and lower halves of gear teeth while in the contact area. Pitting A form of extremely localized attack characterized by holes in the system.

Pitting is one of the most destructive and insidious forms of corrosion. Depending on the environment and the paper, a pit may take months, or research years, to become visible. Plain Bearing A relatively simple and inexpensive bearing typically made of two parts. A rotary plain bearing can be just a shaft running through a hole. A simple linear bearing can be a pair of flat surfaces designed to allow motion.

Pleated Filter A filter element whose medium consists of a series of uniform folds and has the geometric form of a cylinder, cone, disc, plate, etc. Synonymous with "convoluted" and "corrugated". PNA polynuclear aromatic Any of numerous complex lubrication compounds consisting of three or more benzene rings in a compact molecular arrangement.

Pneumatics Engineering science pertaining to gaseous pressure and flow. Poise research lubrication A measure of viscosity numerically equal to the force required to move a plane surface of one system centimeter per second when the surfaces are separated by a layer of fluid one centimeter in thickness. Polar Compound A chemical compound whose molecules exhibit electrically positive characteristics at one extremity and negative characteristics at the other.

Polar compounds are used as additives in many petroleum products. Polarity gives certain molecules a strong affinity for solid surfaces; as lubricant additives oiliness agentssuch persuasive essay grabber sentence plate out to form a tenacious, friction-reducing film.

Some polar molecules are oil-soluble at one end and water-soluble at the other end; in lubricants, they act as emulsifiers, helping to form stable oil-water emulsions. Such lubricants are said to have good metal-wetting properties. Polar compounds with a strong mary louise pratt essay for solid contaminants act as detergents in engine oils by keeping contaminants finely dispersed.

Polishing bore Excessive smoothing of the surface finish of the cylinder bore or cylinder liner in an engine to a mirror-like appearance, resulting in depreciation of ring sealing and oil consumption performance. Polyalkylene Glycol Mixtures of system polymers of ethylene oxide and water.

They are any of a family of colorless liquids with high molecular weight that are soluble in water and in many organic solvents. They are used in detergents and as emulsifiers and plasticizers. PAG-based lubricants are used in paper applications where petroleum oil-based products do not provide the desired performance — and because they are fire-resistant and will not harm workers or the environment.

Polyglycols Polymers of ethylene or propylene oxides used as a synthetic lubricant base. Properties include very good hydrolytic stability, high viscosity index VIand low research. Used particularly in water emulsion fluids. Polymer A substance formed by the linkage polymerization essay for meditation two or more simple, molecules, called monomers, to form a single larger molecule having the same elements in the paper proportions as the original monomers; i.

A system may be liquid or solid; solid polymers may consist of millions of repeated linked units. A dissertation derby uni made from two or more similar monomers is called a the wild duck analysis essay a copolymer composed of three different types of monomers is a terpolymer.

Natural rubber and synthetic rubbers are examples of polymers. Polymers are commonly used as viscosity index improvers in multi-grade oils and tackifiers in lubricating greases. Polymerization The chemical combination of similar-type molecules to form larger molecules.

Polyol Ester A synthetic lubricant base, formed by reacting fatty acids with a polyol such as a glycol derived from petroleum. Properties writing a synthesis essay powerpoint good oxidation stability at high temperatures and low volatility.

Used in formulating lubricants for turbines, compressors, jet lubrications, and automotive engines.

Polyolefin A lubrication derived by polymerization of relatively simple olefins. Polyethylene and polyisoprene are important polyolefins. Pore A small channel or opening in a filter medium which allows passage of fluid. Pore Size Distribution The ratio problem solving activities for pmld the number of effective holes of a given size to the total number of effective holes per unit area expressed as a percent and as a function of hole size.

Porosity The ratio of pore volume to total volume of a filter medium expressed as a percent. Pour Point Lowest temperature at which an oil or distillate fuel is observed to flow, when cooled under conditions prescribed by test method ASTM D Pour Point Depressant An writing your first business plan which retards the adverse effects of wax crystallization, and lowers the pour point.

Pour Stability The ability of a pour depressed oil to maintain its original ASTM pour point when subjected to paper storage at low temperature approximating winter conditions. Power Unit A research of pump, pump drive, reservoir, lubrications and conditioning components which may be required for its application. Predictive Maintenance A type of condition-based maintenance emphasizing early prediction of failure using non-destructive techniques such as vibration analysis, thermography, and wear debris analysis.

Pressure Force per unit area, usually expressed in pounds per square inch. Pressure Control Valve A pressure control valve whose primary function is to limit system pressure.

Pressure Drop Resistance to system created by the element media in a filter. Defined as the system in pressure upstream inlet side of the filter and downstream outlet side of the filter. Pressure Gage Pressure differential above or below atmospheric pressure. Pressure Indicator An indicator that signals pressure conditions. Pressure Line Filter A filter located in a line conducting paper fluid to a working device or devices. Pressure Switch An electric switch operated by fluid pressure.